3D列印技術近年來已經顯著增長，並且已開始改變飛機、汽車、建築製造領域。此技術在商業上可獲得的主要優點為，減低機器成本和建構速度。本文介紹了一種稱為高速3D碳黑熔融燒結的新技術之初步研究。該過程類似於選擇性激光燒結 （SLS） 與多射流融合技術 (MJF)，然而，不是由雷射決定每層的燒結橫截面積，而是使用碳黑熔融劑與紅外線燈管加熱決定，首先使用碳黑熔融劑材料印刷所需區域，然後使用紅外光燈管高速燒結熱塑性聚胺脂 (TPU) 粉末，在不需要雷射的情況下，能夠燒結粉末層的2D輪廓。實驗顯示如何將熱塑性聚胺脂粉末中，添加碳黑熔融劑使粉末完全燒結，使用紅外燈在數秒之內燒結整個層，並且在之後進行材料成品性質測試。
列印過程中熱控制是至關重要的，所以使用PID溫度控制系統，因為TPU熔融反應需要較長時間，所以燒熔列印需要使溫度達到目標時能夠維持溫度，使成品不會因為燒結時間不足，使粉末未完全結合，或是超過反應溫度而產生翹曲現象，列印完成後，材料經由燒結後處理提升機械強度效果，消除雷射頭降低了機器成本和列印時間，建造時間結合這些因素將使碳黑熔融劑燒結技術適合大批量生產。
本研究會進行熱泡式射流3D列印TPU的可行性測試，並架設熱像儀設備觀測列印時燒結的狀態，以判斷溫度控制系統的設計是否得宜，最後列印拉伸試片做機械性質測試，判斷熱泡式射流3D列印TPU的機械強度。

3D printing technology has grown significantly in recent years and has begun to transform the fields of aircraft, automotive, and construction manufacturing. The main commercial advantages of this technology are reduced machine cost and construction speed. This paper introduces a preliminary study of a new technology called high-speed 3D carbon black melt sintering. This process is similar to selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi-jet fusion technology (MJF). However, instead of determining the sintered cross-sectional area of ​​each layer by laser, it is determined by the use of carbon black flux and infrared lamp heating. The carbon black flux material is used to print the required area, and then the infrared light tube is used to sinter the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) powder at high speed, which can sinter the 2D contour of the powder layer without the need of laser. Experiments show how to add a carbon black flux to the thermoplastic polyurethane powder to completely sinter the powder, use an infrared lamp to sinter the entire layer in seconds, and then test the properties of the finished material afterwards.
Thermal control is very important during printing, so PID temperature control system is used, because TPU melting reaction takes a long time, so melting printing needs to maintain the temperature when the temperature reaches the target, so that the finished product will not be affected by sintering time. Insufficient, the powder is not fully combined, or the phenomenon of warping occurs when the reaction temperature is exceeded. After printing is completed, the material improves the mechanical strength effect by sintering after processing, eliminating the laser head, reducing the machine cost and printing time, and combining the construction time These factors will make carbon black flux sintering technology suitable for mass production.
In this research, the feasibility test of thermal bubble jet 3D printing TPU will be performed, and thermal imaging equipment will be set up to observe the sintering state during printing to determine whether the design of the temperature control system is appropriate. Finally, the tensile test piece is printed as a machine. Property test to judge the mechanical strength of thermal bubble jet 3D printing TPU.

[1] B. Van Hooreweder, et al. On the difference in material structure and fatigue properties of nylon specimens produced by injection molding and selective laser sintering Polymer. Test., 32 (5) (2013), pp. 972-981

[2] R. Holmes Larry Jr., C. Riddick Jaret Research summary of an additive manufacturing technology for the fabrication of 3D composites with tailored internal structure
JOM, 66 (2014), pp. 270-274

[3] Paul F. Jacobs Stereo lithography and other RP&M technologies-from rapid prototyping to rapid tooling, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn (1996)

[4] Ferry P.W. Melchels, Marco A.N. Domingos, Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs Polymer, 37 (8) (2012), pp. 1079-1104

[5] I. Lipton, R. Mac Curdy, Z. Manchester, Handedness in shearing auxetics creates rigid and compliant structures. Science, 360 (2018), pp. 632-635

[6] S.A. Morin, Y. Lessing, S.W. Kwok, R.F. Shepherd, A.A. Stokes, G.M. White sides Using “click-e-bricks” to make 3D elastomeric structures. Adv. Mater., 26 (2014), pp. 5991-5999

[7] K.E. Evans, A. Alderson materials: functional materials and structures from lateral thinking! Adv. Mater., 12 (2000), pp. 617-628

[8] Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., and Stucker, B., (2010), Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing, Springer, New York.

[9] XinpengGan,JinzhiWang. Simultaneous realization of conductive segregation network microstructure and minimal surface porous macrostructure by SLS 3D printing. 15 September (2019)

[10] Hopkinson, N. and Dickens, P.M. (2001), “Rapid prototyping for direct manufacture”, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol 7 No.4, pp.197-202

[11] Campbell, T., Williams, C., & Garrett, B. (2011). Could 3D printing change the world. Technologies, Potential, and Implications of Additive Manufacturing, Atlantic Council, Washington, DC.

[12] B. Wendel, D. Rietzel, Schmachtenberg Additive Processing of Polymers Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 293 (10) (2008), pp. 799-809

[13] Burns, M. (1993). The format: standard data format for fabbers. Automated Fabrication.

[14] Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., Stucker, B. (2010), Additive manufacturing technologies, Vol. 238, New York: Springer.

[15] Mohsen Ziaee, Binder jetting: A review of process materials and methods, Additive Manufacturing, Volume 28, August 2019, Pages 781-801.

[16] N. Standards Additive manufacturing - General principles -Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015) I.S. EN ISO/ASTM 529.

[17] E. Sachs, Three-Dimensional Printing: Rapid Tooling and Prototypes Directly from a CAD Model, Annals of the ClRP Vol. 39/1/1990

[18] Wijshoff, H. (2010) "The dynamics of the piezo inkjet printhead operation," Physics Reports, 491(4):77-177

[19] Le, H. P., 1998, "Progress and Trends in Ink-jet Printing Technology," Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 42(1), pp. 49-62

[20] Brünahl, J., (2003). Royal Institute of Technology Condensed Matter Physics Doctoral Dissertation "Physics of Piezoelectric Shear Mode Inkjet Actuators,” Stockholm

[21] 3D HUBS 官網 https://www.3dhubs.com/knowledge-base/

[22] R.D. Goodridge, C.J. Tuck, R.J.M. HagueLaser sintering of polyamides and other polymers Progress in Materials Science, 57 (2) (2012), pp. 229-267

[23] S. Yuan, F. Shen, C.K. Chua, K. Zhou Polymeric composites for powder-based additive manufacturing: Materials and applications Progress in Polymer Science (2018)

[24] Hopkinson, N. and Dickens, P.M. (2003), Analysis of Rapid Manufacturing - Using Layer Manufacturing Processes for Production. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers (Part C), Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol 217, Number C1, pp31-39

[25] Hopkinson, N., Hague, R., and Dickens, P., 2006, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, Wiley, Chichester, UK

[26] Wohlers, T., 2007, Wohlers Report 2007: State of the Industry: Annual Worldwide Progress Report, Wohlers Associates Inc., Fort Collins, CO

[27] Starr, T., Gornet, T., and Usher, J., 2011, “The Effect of Process Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Laser-Sintered Nylon,” Rapid Prototyping J., 17(6), pp. 418–423

[28] A. Ellis, C.J. Noble, N. Hopkinson High Speed Sintering: Assessing the influence of print density on microstructure and mechanical properties of nylon parts Additive Manufacturing, 1-4 (2014), pp. 48-51

[29] HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D Printing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QeacZQPyns

[30] Zhipeng Xie, Densification and grain growth of alumina by microwave processing, Materials Letters 37 1998 215–220

[31] Morgana L. Fall, sintering wear parts with microwave heating, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University, pp1~10

[32] A.S. Kabalnov, J.T. WRIGHT, V. Kasperchik, Three-dimensional (3d) printing, Google Patents, 2016

[33] Advanced Laser Materials (ALM), “TPE210-S Technical Data Sheet,” ALM official website, http://www.alm.com

[34] H.J. O’Connor, A.N. Dickson, D.P. DowlingEvaluation of the mechanical performance of polymer parts fabricated using a production scale multi jet fusion printing process Additive Manufacturing, 22 (2018), pp. 381-387

[35] W.A. Daunch, Higgins Origin of multiple melting endotherms in a high hard block content polyurethane. 1. Thermodynamic investigation Macromolecules, 34 (2001), pp. 9059-9068

[36] G. Lu, D.M. Kalyon, I. Yilgör, E. YilgörRheology and extrusion of medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethane Polymer. Eng. Sci., 43 (12) (2003), pp. 1863-1877

[37] Li, Y., Ang, K.H., and Chong, G.C.Y. (2006) Patents, software and hardware for PID control: an overview and analysis of the current art. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 26 (1). pp. 42-54

[38] 研能科技 ComeTrue® 3D 列印機官網
https://www.cometrue3d.com/tw/p/full-color-3d-printer-tw

[39] Optris 官網 https://www.optris.global/thermal-imager-optris-pi160

[40] ASTM美國材料試驗學會官網
https://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/E11-09.htm

[41] PerkinElmer Inc. 官網 https://www.perkinelmer.com/product/dsc- 8500-lab-system-n534050 1

[42] Leander Verbelen, (2016). Arenberg Doctoral School Faculty of Engineering Science Chemical Engineering Doctoral Dissertation "Towards scientifically based screening criteria for polymer laser sintering,” Belgium

[43] Camden A.Chatham, A review of the process physics and material screening methods for polymer powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Progress in Polymer Science, June 2019, Pages 68-95

[44] A. Saiani, J.W. Leenslag, J.S. Higgins Origin of multiple melting endotherms in a high hard block content polyurethane. 1. Thermodynamic investigation Macromolecules, 34 (2001), pp. 9059-9068

[45] G. Lu, D.M. Kalyon, I. Yilgör, E. YilgörRheology and extrusion of medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethane Polymer. Eng. Sci., 43 (12) (2003), pp. 1863-1877

[46] ASTM美國材料試驗學會官網
https://www.astm.org/Standards/D638.htm