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研究生： 杜愛柔
Erma - Dwi Cahyani
論文名稱： 數值模擬敲擊回音法分析層狀混凝土版之反應行為
Numerical Study on Response of Layered Concrete Plate Using Impact-Echo Method
指導教授： 張大鵬
Ta-Peng Chang
口試委員: 林宜清
Yi -Ching Lin
王鶴祥
Helsin Wang
謝佑明
Yo-Ming Hsieh
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工程學院 - 營建工程系
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering
論文出版年： 2011
畢業學年度： 99
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 105
中文關鍵詞： Impact-echo 、non-destructive method 、damaged concrete 、numerical
外文關鍵詞： Impact-echo, non-destructive method, damaged concrete, numerical
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    • The material properties of damaged concrete due to its heterogeneous nature will be changed significantly from the damaged surface to the inner intact mass. The technique of traditional Impact-echo method to determine the P-wave speed of concrete from its surface needs to be properly modified considering the characteristics of gradual changes of material properties. This study uses the numerical results from finite element analysis to propose a practical methodology which combines the Impact-echo method and time-of-flight method to properly estimate the internal concrete P-wave speed and the thickness of a multilayered concrete plate.
    The results of numerical simulation from the impact-echo method are based on the commercial finite element analysis software LS-DYNA in which a 2-D axisymmetric finite element model is used to simulate a concrete plate of 200 mm of thickness and 4 m of length with deteriorated multilayered gradually and linearly changed of low P-wave speed from the outer surface toward the inner mass with high P-wave speed. The variables of concrete properties in the numerical analysis include three different damaged depths, 50%, 70%, and 90%, of the concrete plate.
    Numerical results show that the ASTM C-1383 method procedures is capable of measuring a correct P-wave speed for a monolithic concrete plate but fails to a multilayered concrete plate with different material properties at each layer. Therefore, a modified time-of-flight method is proposed to approach the accurate results. It does not need to know prior information of these two parameters and can be combined with the impact-echo method to measure the thickness of concrete plate which is depending on time-of-flight ordinate (TOF ordinate). The increase depth of damaged, the increase of ratio of time-of-flight ordinate and thickness. It increases from 2.91 for the undamaged concrete plate to 2.94, 2.96, and 2.99 when the depth of damaged increase respectively for 50%, 70%, and 90% of total thickness concrete plate.

    The material properties of damaged concrete due to its heterogeneous nature will be changed significantly from the damaged surface to the inner intact mass. The technique of traditional Impact-echo method to determine the P-wave speed of concrete from its surface needs to be properly modified considering the characteristics of gradual changes of material properties. This study uses the numerical results from finite element analysis to propose a practical methodology which combines the Impact-echo method and time-of-flight method to properly estimate the internal concrete P-wave speed and the thickness of a multilayered concrete plate.
    The results of numerical simulation from the impact-echo method are based on the commercial finite element analysis software LS-DYNA in which a 2-D axisymmetric finite element model is used to simulate a concrete plate of 200 mm of thickness and 4 m of length with deteriorated multilayered gradually and linearly changed of low P-wave speed from the outer surface toward the inner mass with high P-wave speed. The variables of concrete properties in the numerical analysis include three different damaged depths, 50%, 70%, and 90%, of the concrete plate.
    Numerical results show that the ASTM C-1383 method procedures is capable of measuring a correct P-wave speed for a monolithic concrete plate but fails to a multilayered concrete plate with different material properties at each layer. Therefore, a modified time-of-flight method is proposed to approach the accurate results. It does not need to know prior information of these two parameters and can be combined with the impact-echo method to measure the thickness of concrete plate which is depending on time-of-flight ordinate (TOF ordinate). The increase depth of damaged, the increase of ratio of time-of-flight ordinate and thickness. It increases from 2.91 for the undamaged concrete plate to 2.94, 2.96, and 2.99 when the depth of damaged increase respectively for 50%, 70%, and 90% of total thickness concrete plate.

    Abstract i Acknowlegements ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables viii List of Figures vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Background 1 1.2 Thesis Objectives 3 1.3 Thesis Organization 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Concrete Properties 5 2.3.1 Wave Propagation in Solid 6 2.4 Impact-Echo Method 7 2.4.1 History of Impact-Echo Method 8 2.4.2 Development of Impact-Echo Method 8 2.4.3 Theory of Impact-Echo Method 9 2.4.4 Impact-Echo Method for Single Layer 11 2.4.5 Impact-Echo Method for Double Layers 12 2.5 P-wave Speed Detection 14 2.5.1 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) Method 15 2.5.2Time-of-flight Reflection Method 16 2.6 Digital Signal 18 Chapter 3 Methodology 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Numerical Simulation 31 3.2.1 Preprocessing 31 3.2.2 The Verification of Numerical Simulation 33 3.2.3 The Application of modifying Impact-echo method for accuracy thickness on the layered concrete plate 34 Chapter 4 Numerical Analysis and Discussions 38 4.1 Introduction 38 4.2 Verification model 38 4.3 Preprocessing 39 4.4 Single Layer Concrete 41 4.4.1 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) method is combined with Impact-echo mehod for case with Poisson’s ratio 0.18 41 4.4.2 Time-of-flight Reflection method is combined with Impact-echo mehod for case with Poisson’s ratio 0.18 42 4.4.3 Analysis Results For Case with Poisson’s ratio 0.18 44 4.4.4 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) method is combined with Impact-echo mehod for case with Poisson’s ratio 0.23 44 4.4.5 Time-of-flight Reflection method is combined with Impact-echo mehod for case with Poisson’s ratio 0.23 44 4.4.6 Analysis Results For Case with Poisson’s ratio 0.23 45 4.5 Double layers Concrete 45 4.5.1 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) method is combined with Impact-echo mehod for Double layers case 45 4.5.2 Time-of-flight Reflection method is combined with Impact-echo mehod for Double layers case 46 4.5.3 Analysis Results For Double layers case 46 4.6 Multi layers Concrete 47 4.6.1 50% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 47 4.6.1.1 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) method is combined with Impact-echo method for 50% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 47 4.6.1.2 Time-of-flight Reflection method is combined with Impact-echo method for 50% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 48 4.6.1.3 Analysis Results for 50% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 48 4.6.2 70% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 49 4.6.2.1 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) method is combined with Impact-echo method for 70% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 49 4.6.2.2 Time-of-flight Reflection method is combined with Impact-echo method for 70% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 49 4.6.2.3 Analysis Results for 70% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 50 4.6.3 90% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 50 4.6.3.1 One-sided (surface-wave velocity) method is combined with Impact-echo method for 90% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 50 4.6.3.2 Time-of-flight Reflection method is combined with Impact-echo method for 90% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 51 4.6.3.3 Analysis Results for 90% Depth of Total Thickness was damaged 51 4.7 Experimental 51 4.8 Discussion 53 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Directions 99 5.1 Conclusions 99 5.2 Contribution of Thesis 100 5.3 Future Direction 100 REFERENCES 101

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