使用各種積層製造技術製作晶格結構的應用已大大提高了工業產品的定制性，並具有高品質的特定性能。透過不同的晶格結構可以獲得多種功能，可以根據需求調節性能。晶格結構的這種可調節性能的能力，對常用於取得可調節機械性能的多材料組合件提出了挑戰。使用晶格結構獲得可調節性能的替代方案，將減輕多材料列印的需求，該需求常常涉及材料兼容性、界面結合和製造相關問題。
　　本論文主要著重於透過模仿自然界的結構和現象，設計具有可調節性能的晶格結構。由於自然界基於適應和優化，以經過數十億年的進化，模仿這些結構將產出最有效的晶格結構。在本研究中，以海膽晶格單元(Sea Urchin ,SU)作為設計領域中的不同模式堆疊的生物啟發格局。堆疊序列的靈感來自立方金屬晶體結構中的原子排列，例如簡單立方 (SC)、體心立方 (BCC)、面心立方 (FCC) 和六方密堆積 (HCP)。根據相鄰單位晶格之間的連接方式，堆疊方式分為非邊緣對邊緣（Non Edge-to-Edge,NETE）、邊緣對邊緣（Edge-to-Edge,ETE）和重疊。這種連接的多樣性將提供負載不同的傳遞路徑，從而產生不同的結構和功能性能（從高強度到高度可伸展的晶格結構）。這些結構的概念被應用於獲得可調節和可定制屬性。除了堆疊式結構，還提出了一種在晶格結構中透過生物啟發的嵌套策略，獲得可調節性能的替代方法。大尺寸單位晶格包含類似嵌套的內部結構。使用不同的內部結構生成不同的屬性，這些屬性可以組合以獲得可調性能。
　　所有設計的結構均使用HP-MJF粉末床熔融積層製造技術，並使用聚酰胺-12(PA-12)材料所製造出的。此結構和功能性能通過機械實驗和有限元素分析（FEA）進行評估。NETE堆疊結構能夠透過晶格結構策略將結構行為從受拉伸導向轉變為受彎曲導向，反之亦然。然而，與ETE堆疊結構相比，它們的結構性能較差。ETE晶結構在結構性能方面表現出色，其中FCC堆疊結構在所有現有排列結構中具有最高的負載和吸能能力。除了結構性能外，ETE堆疊結構可以相互互鎖，因此使用單一材料即可提供多材料般的性能。剛性ETE和NETE堆疊結構所缺乏的彈性將透過被重疊此結構所克服，其中剛性結構轉變為可伸展的結構。此外，重疊策略還有助於選擇性地控制各種自由度以獲得可調節性能。
　　除了交錯堆疊外，嵌套晶格結構還能在不同應變速率負載條件下為大尺寸表面單位晶格提供優異的穩定性。除了穩定性外，內部的彎曲和拉伸導向的結構還能在這些晶格結構中產生次要性能，可以根據需要進行調整。設計的交錯堆疊結構和嵌套策略將幫助使用單一材料實現多材料般的性能。此外，此論文還鼓勵設計師探索其他以自然界中的結構來獲得可調節特性。

The use of lattice structures using various additive manufacturing processes has extensively increased the customization of industrial products along with high mass-specific properties. The wide range of functionalities that can be obtained through different lattice structures has paved the way to tune the properties as per the requirements. This ability of lattice structures has challenged the multi-material components that are often used to obtain tunable mechanical properties. The role of lattice structures as an alternative to obtain the tunable properties would mitigate the need for multi-material printing that are often dealt with material compatibility, interface, and manufacturing-related issues.
This thesis dissertation mainly focuses on designing lattice structures with tunable properties by biomimicking nature-inspired structures and phenomena. Since nature has evolved through billions of years of evolution based on adaptation and optimization, biomimicking such structures would result in the most efficient lattices. In the current study, the bioinspired tessellation strategies were framed to stack the sea urchin (SU) unit cell in different patterns within the design domain. The stacking sequences are inspired by the arrangement of atoms in the cubic metallic crystal structures such as simple cubic (SC), body centered cubic (BCC), face centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close packing (HCP). The tessellation strategies were categorized into Non Edge-to-Edge (NETE), Edge-to-Edge (ETE), and overlapping based on the connections between the adjacent unit cells. Such diversity in the connections would provide diverse options of load transfer paths, thus delivering different structural and functional properties (ranging from high strength to highly stretchable lattices). These concept of tessellations are exploited in obtaining tunable/customizable properties. Apart from tessellation strategies, an alternative way of obtaining tunable properties in lattice structures through bioinspired nesting strategies was also framed. The large-sized unit cells enclose internal trusses similar to eggs being nested. Different internal trusses are used to generate different properties which can be combined together to obtain tunable properties.
All the designed structures were additively manufactured using HP-MJF powder bed fusion technology using polyamide-12 material. Their respective structural and functional properties were evaluated using both mechanical experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The NETE tessellations were capable of interchanging the structural behavior from stretch-dominated to bending-dominated and vice versa using the tessellation strategies. However, their structural performance was weak compared to ETE tessellated lattice structures. ETE tessellated lattice structures delivered an excellent structural performance with FCC tessellation showing the highest load-bearing and energy absorption abilities among all the existing lattices. Apart from structural performances, the ETE tessellations could interlock into each other, thereby delivering multi-material-like properties using a single material. The lack of flexibility involved with rigid ETE and NETE tessellations was overcome by overlapping tessellation where the rigid lattices transform into stretchable fabrics. Moreover, the overlapping strategy also facilitated selective manipulation of various degrees of freedom to obtain tunable properties.
Apart from tessellations, the nested lattice structures deliver excellent stability to the large-sized surface unit cells against varied strain rate loading conditions. Along with stability, the internal bending and stretch dominated trusses generate the secondary properties in these lattice structures that can be tuned as per requirement.

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