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研究生： 周豪禮
Johari
論文名稱： Directional Overcurrent and Distance Relays Coordination Using Linear Programming – Bat Algorithm in Mesh Distribution Systems with DG Penetration Optimal Capacity
Directional Overcurrent and Distance Relays Coordination Using Linear Programming – Bat Algorithm in Mesh Distribution Systems with DG Penetration Optimal Capacity
指導教授： 辜志承
Jyh Cherng Gu
口試委員: 陳士麟
Shilin Chen
劉志文
Liú Zhìwén
陳在相
Zài xiāng Chén
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電資學院 - 電機工程系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2014
畢業學年度： 102
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 95
中文關鍵詞： Protection Coordination Index. 、Distributed Generator 、Linear Programming 、Particle Swarm Optimization 、Bat algorithm 、Distance relay 、Directional Overcurrent relay
外文關鍵詞： Directional Overcurrent relay, Distance relay, Bat algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Linear Programming, Distributed Generator, Protection Coordination Index.
相關次數： 點閱：213  下載：3 
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    • Generally to achieve better protection in power system more than one relays are used. This thesis presents two cases. Case 1 is the implementation of distance protection in distribution system with directional overcurrent relay to make protection system more reliable and to coordinate both relays in mesh distribution systems. To get the optimal relay setting in relays coordination the optimization technique is used. The proposed optimization algorithm of optimization in this thesis is Linear Programming-Bat Algorithm (LP-BA). In the previous research, some researchers have proposed the coordination relay using Linear Programming-Particle Swarm Optimization (LP-PSO) to get the optimal solution. Based on the simulation result, the proposed optimization algorithm using LP-BA can get better result than LP-PSO, because LP-BA can produce the minimum total time for all relays setting in the distribution system. Case 2 is considering the distribution system when it is connected to the Distributed Generator (DG) penetration. However, the integration of DG into power distribution networks has great affects to the coordination of relay setting. Because the fault current will change depend on the capacity and location of the DG penetration. By using Protection Coordination Index (PCI) the best location for connecting DG and the maximum capacity of DG in the network system can be determined without changing the relays setting that have been produced in the Case 1.

    Generally to achieve better protection in power system more than one relays are used. This thesis presents two cases. Case 1 is the implementation of distance protection in distribution system with directional overcurrent relay to make protection system more reliable and to coordinate both relays in mesh distribution systems. To get the optimal relay setting in relays coordination the optimization technique is used. The proposed optimization algorithm of optimization in this thesis is Linear Programming-Bat Algorithm (LP-BA). In the previous research, some researchers have proposed the coordination relay using Linear Programming-Particle Swarm Optimization (LP-PSO) to get the optimal solution. Based on the simulation result, the proposed optimization algorithm using LP-BA can get better result than LP-PSO, because LP-BA can produce the minimum total time for all relays setting in the distribution system. Case 2 is considering the distribution system when it is connected to the Distributed Generator (DG) penetration. However, the integration of DG into power distribution networks has great affects to the coordination of relay setting. Because the fault current will change depend on the capacity and location of the DG penetration. By using Protection Coordination Index (PCI) the best location for connecting DG and the maximum capacity of DG in the network system can be determined without changing the relays setting that have been produced in the Case 1.

    ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES viii 1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Scope of work 1 1.2 Related research 3 1.3 Motivation 5 1.4 Thesis objective 5 1.5 Thesis organization 6 2. CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTIONARY OF PROTECTION COORDINATION 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Protection of overcurrent relay 8 2.2.1 Principle time / current grading 9 2.2.2 Standard Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) overcurrent relays 12 2.2.3 Crossed condition handling of overcurrent relay characteristic curves 14 2.3 Protection of distance relay 16 2.3.1 Principles of distance relay 16 2.3.2 Relay Performance 17 2.3.3 Formula of distance relay 17 2.3.4 Zone of Protection 18 2.3.5 Self-Polarized Mho Relay 20 2.4 Traditional protection coordination 22 2.5 Implementation of coordination overcurrent and distance relays on distribution system 24 2.6 Application of linear graph theory in protection coordination 26 2.6.1 Bus incidence matrix 28 2.6.2 Bus augmented incidence matrix 28 3. CHAPTER 3 PROTECTION COORDINATION ISSUES IN THE SYSTEM WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR 34 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Impact of DG to the protection system 35 3.2.1 Thermal Issues 35 3.2.2 Voltage regulation on distribution system 36 3.2.3 Fault level contributions 37 3.2.4 Protection issues 37 3.2.5 Losses issues 37 3.2.6 Harmonics issues 38 3.2.7 Direction of power flow during normal or fault condition 39 3.3 Relay setting and coordination in the distribution system with DG penetration 39 3.4 Islanding operation issues 40 3.5 DG contribution to fault analysis 41 3.6 Protection coordination index (PCI) 45 3.6.1 Determine the protection coordination index (PCI) 46 4. CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION LINEAR PROGRAMMING (LP) AND BAT ALGORITHM TO OPTIMAL COORDINATION DOCR AND DISTANCE RELAY 48 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Optimal coordination of overcurrent and distance relays 49 4.2.1 Relays characteristic 49 4.2.2 Constraints handling 50 4.3 Linear programming (LP) 51 4.3.1 Linear programming optimization toolbox MATLAB 53 4.4 Bat algorithm (BA) 54 4.4.1 Echolocation of Micro bats 54 4.4.2 Bat Motion 56 4.4.3 Variations of Loudness and Pulse Rates 56 4.4.4 Bat algorithm pseudo code 57 4.4.5 Flowchart of Bat algorithm 57 4.5 Test system example 58 4.5.1 Initialization problem use Linear programming algorithm 60 4.5.2 Problem definition 60 4.5.3 Coordination overcurrent and distance relays by using BAT algorithm 63 4.5.4 Comparison result between Bat algorithm and PSO algorithm 66 5. CHAPTER 5 CASE STUDY 68 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Single line diagram with 14 relays 69 5.2.1 Case 1 70 5.2.1.1 Data of network system 71 5.2.1.2 Fault current analysis 72 5.2.1.3 BA Optimization result by using Matlab 73 5.2.2 Case 2 74 5.2.2.1 DG is connected to bus 2 76 5.2.2.2 DG is connected to bus 3 77 5.2.2.3 DG is connected to bus 4 78 5.2.2.4 DG is connected to bus 5 78 5.2.2.5 Impact of pre-installed DG to the PCI of bus 1 79 5.3 Single line diagram with 16 relays 81 5.3.1 Case 1 81 5.3.1.1 Data of network 81 5.3.1.2 Fault current analysis 82 5.3.1.3 BA Optimization result by using Matlab 83 5.3.2 Case 2 85 5.3.2.1 DG is connected to bus 2 85 5.3.2.2 DG is connected to bus 3 86 5.3.2.3 DG is connected to bus 5 87 5.3.2.4 DG is connected to bus 6 88 5.3.2.5 DG is connected to bus 7 89 5.3.2.6 Impact of pre-installed DG location and capacity on the PCI of bus 4 90 6. CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 91 REFERENCES 92

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