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研究生: 劉佳宜
CHIA-YI LIU
論文名稱: 法院對攝影著作原創性判斷因素之實證研究
An Empirical Study on the Judging Factors of the Originality of Photographic works by the Court
指導教授: 陳曉慧
Hsiao-Hui Chen
口試委員: 王怡蘋
I-PING WANG
劉顯仲
John S. Liu
何秀青
Mei H.C. Ho
陳曉慧
Hsiao-Hui Chen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 管理學院 - 科技管理研究所
Graduate Institute of Technology Management
論文出版年: 2018
畢業學年度: 106
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 99
中文關鍵詞: 攝影著作原創性著作權著作權侵權判決
外文關鍵詞: photographic works, originality, copyright, copyright infringement, judgment
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  • 具有原創性為著作受到著作權保護之要件。但法院究竟如何判斷攝影著作之原創性,尚欠缺實證研究。本研究透過我國司法院法學資料檢索系統,以「攝影著作&原創性」為關鍵字,檢索各級法院之刑事、民事裁判書,而後進行逐筆閱讀篩選,將未討論攝影著作原創性之判決剔除,並運用IBM® SPSS Statistics® 套裝軟體,以敘述性統計、邏輯斯迴歸分析方法進行量化分析,驗證本研究之假設。研究結果顯示:

    一、各因素對原創性認定之影響:在裁判書中若有提及拍攝者身分,或拍攝對象為其他非商品之物、人物、商品,或是有提及對焦距、快門速度與構圖等攝影技巧有所選擇、調整,或在高等法院進行訴訟,皆對於原創性的成立有明顯影響力。惟其中,快門速度的標準化係數為負值,表示有提及快門速度比較不容易成立原創性,但因為勝算比小於一,有提及快門速度與沒有提及快門速度的情形相較,原創性成立的機率沒有太大差異,且依據交叉分析結果,雖然沒有提及快門速度卻成立原創性之案件比率高達80.5%,但因裁判書中沒有提及快門速度之案件比率遠超過有提及快門速度之案件比率,故無法就此證明在裁判書中沒有提及快門速度就比較容易成立原創性。另,高等法院的標準化係數也為負值,表示在高等法院訴訟較不容易成立原創性,但從交叉分析結果中發現,訴訟法院為最高法院、高等法院之案件比率非常低,可能是因上訴至最高法院或高等法院者較少,大多皆在地方法院或智慧財產法院就訴訟終結,因此雖在高等法院訴訟之案件不成立原創性之比率較高,仍不能就此認為在高等法院訴訟就不容易成立原創性。此外,並不是提及愈多攝影技巧,就愈容易成立原創性。

    二、各因素對侵權認定之影響:另,裁判書中若有提及專業因素中的設備,或是被拍攝對象為人物,或有提及攝影技巧中的快門速度、構圖,或是用於銷售原商品也對侵權有顯著影響,表示有提及設備、構圖,或拍攝人物會比較容易成立侵權。其中,快門速度的標準化係數為負值,代表在裁判書中有提及快門速度比較不容易成立侵權,但因勝算比小於一,且沒有提及快門速度之案件比率遠高於有提及快門速度之案件比率,因此不能認為有提及快門速度就不容易成立侵權。而用於原商品的標準化係數也為負值,表示被告將系爭著作用於銷售原商品,會比較不容易成立侵權;雖用於銷售原商品,不成立侵權之案件比率略高於成立侵權之案件比率,而非將系爭著作用於銷售原商品且成立侵權之案件比率也高於不成立侵權之案件比率,但皆與整體平均比率差距不大,故無法認定用於原商品就比較不容易成立侵權。

    三、侵權不成立與原創性成立與否之間並無必然關係。雖然侵權不成立時,原創性不成立之案件比率高於原創性成立案件比率,然因侵權不成立之案件比率比侵權成立之案件比率來得低,故無法認定侵權不成立時,原創性就不容易成立,有可能系爭著作成立原創性,但被告的使用行為成立合理使用,所以侵權不成立。

    四、未產生顯著影響因素之研究限制:訴訟類型、專業因素中的後製、拍攝地點、專業服務,及大量創作、攝影技巧中的光線、拍攝角度、景深與拍攝距離,均未對原創性、侵權之認定產生顯著影響。行為因素中的被告使用目的、合理使用亦對侵權之認定沒有顯著影響。而造成統計上不具有顯著影響的因素,有三種情況:(1)大多數判決皆有提及因素,如光線,可能是使其不具顯著性的原因。(2)大多數判決未提及的因素,如後製、專業服務,即使少數裁判書中有提及後製或專業服務也無法影響整體結果的情形。(3)有提及與未提及某因素之案件數量相當,而使二分法的變數無法完全解釋實際情況,如設備,也就變成不具重要性。因此,並不能當然從不具顯著性,認定攝影時為成立原創性,無庸著重光線、後製、專業服務、設備等因素之選擇,尚須藉由閱讀判決進行解釋。


    Originality is the requirement for the copyright protection of the work. However, there is still no empirical research on how the court judges the originality of photographic works. This study uses the legal data retrieval system of Taiwan’s courts to search for criminal and civil judgments of courts at all levels with the theme of "photographic work and originality", and then to read and screen one by one, and will eliminate which is not discuss the originality of photography. And use the IBM® SPSS Statistics® software to quantify the narrative statistics and logistic regression analysis to validate the hypothesis of this study. The study found that:

    First, the impact of various factors on the originality identification: If there is a reference to the identity of the photographer in the referee, or the target is other non-commodity objects, people, goods, or mention the focal length, shutter speed and composition, etc. Choices, adjustments, or litigation in the High Court have a significant impact on the creation of originality. However, the normalization coefficient of the shutter speed is a negative value, indicating that it is not easy to establish originality when referring to the shutter speed, but since the odds ratio is less than one, there is a mention that the shutter speed is compared with the case where the shutter speed is not mentioned, but originality is established The probability of establishment is not much different, and according to the results of the cross-analysis, although the ratio of the original speed is not mentioned as high as 80.5%, but the ratio of the case where the shutter speed is not mentioned in the referee is much higher than the ratio of the case where the shutter speed is mentioned, it is impossible to prove that the shutter speed is not easily established in the referee. In addition, the standardization coefficient of the High Court is also negative, indicating that it is less likely to establish originality in the High Court litigation, but it is found from the cross-analysis that the litigation court is a very low ratio of the Supreme Court and the High Court, possibly due to appeal. There are fewer case in the Supreme Court or the High Court, and most of them are in the local courts or intellectual property courts. Therefore, although the ratio of originality in the case of high court litigation is relatively high, it cannot be considered that it is not easy to establish originality in the litigation of the High Court. In addition, it is not easy to establish originality without mentioning more photography techniques.

    Second, the impact of various factors on the identification of infringement: In addition, if the referee has mentioned the equipment in the professional factor, or the target is the person, or mention the shutter speed, composition in photography skills, or use on the sale of the original goods also has a significant impact on the infringement, indicating that it is easier to establish infringement when referring to equipment, composition, or photographing. Among them, the standardization coefficient of the shutter speed is negative, which means that it is not easy to establish the infringement in the referee book, but the ratio of the odds ratio is less than one, and the ratio of the shutter speed is not mentioned. The ratio of speed cases, so it cannot be considered that it is not easy to establish infringement when it comes to the speed of the shutter. The standardization coefficient used for the original commodity is also negative, indicating that the defendant will use the disputed work for the sale of the original commodity, it will be relatively easy to establish infringement; although the sale of the original commodity is not higher than the establishment of the infringement case ,the ratio of cases, rather than the proportion of cases in which the disputed works are used to sell the original goods and the establishment of infringements is higher than the proportion of cases in which the infringements are not established, but they are not much different from the overall average ratio, so it is not easy to determine that the original goods are used. Infringement was established.

    Third, there is no necessary relationship between the infringement which is not established and the establishment of originality. Although the case of originality is not established when the infringement is not established, the ratio of cases in which the originality is not established is higher than the ratio of the original establishment case. However, the ratio of cases in which the infringement is not established is lower than the ratio of the case in which the infringement is established. Therefore, it cannot be determined that the originality is not easy to establish when there is no infringement. It may be that the copyrighted work is original, but the use of the defendant is fair use, so the infringement is not established.

    Fourth, research restrictions that have not produced significant influencing factors:litigation type, retouch, location, professional services, and a large number of creative, light, angle of shot, depth of field and object distance have not had a significant impact on the originality and infringement. The purpose of the defendant in the behavioral factors and the fair use also have no significant influence on the determination of the infringement. There are three factors that cause statistically no significant impact: (1) Most decisions have mentioned factors, such as light, which may be the reason for making it non-significant. (2) Factors not mentioned in most judgments, such as retouch and professional services, even if a few referees have mentioned that retouch or professional services cannot affect the overall outcome. (3) There are references to the number of cases in which a factor is not mentioned, and the variation of the dichotomy cannot fully explain the actual situation, such as equipment, which becomes irrelevant. Therefore, it cannot be said that it is never significant. Therefore, it is not possible to identify the originality from the point of non-significance, and there is no need to focus on the choice of factors such as light, retouch, professional services, equipment, etc., and it must be explained by reading the court’s judgment.

    壹、緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究問題與方法 5 1.3 論文研究架構 5 貳、文獻探討 6 2.1 從攝影學看攝影之創作 6 2.2 法律上攝影原創性之判斷 10 2.3 小結 16 參、研究方法 17 3.1 分析架構 17 3.2 資料來源與蒐集 18 3.3 敘述性統計方法 20 3.3.1 交叉表分析 20 3.3.2 相關分析 21 3.4 邏輯斯迴歸分析 22 3.5 變數定義與模型假設 24 3.5.1 變數定義 24 3.5.2 模型假設 59 肆、研究發現 63 4.1 敘述性統計 63 4.1.1 交叉表分析結果 63 4.1.2 相關分析 68 4.2 迴歸分析結果 72 4.2.1 影響原創性成立因素 72 4.2.2 影響侵權成立因素 80 4.3 小結 87 伍、結論與建議 92 5.1 研究結論 92 5.2 研究限制 94 5.3 未來建議 95 參考文獻 96

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