文化詞彙之可譯性與等化效應研究：《贖罪》二中譯本評析

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研究生：	江奕安 Yi-an Chiang
論文名稱：	文化詞彙之可譯性與等化效應研究：《贖罪》二中譯本評析 A Study of Translatability and Equivalent Effects of Cultural Expressions: A Comparative Analysis of Two Chinese Translations of Atonement
指導教授：	林茂松 Mao-sung Lin 王世平 Shi-ping Wang
口試委員:	陳聖傑 Sheng-jie Chen
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 應用外語系 Department of Applied Foreign Languages
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	98
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	251
中文關鍵詞：	跨文化翻譯、文化詞彙、文化缺漏、可譯性、不可譯性、等化效應、翻譯策略
外文關鍵詞：	cross-cultural translation, culture-specific item (CSI), cultural default, translatability, untranslatability, equivalent effect, translation strategy
相關次數：	點閱：353 下載：12
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本研究以「可譯性」(translatability) 與「等化效應」(equivalent effects) 為理論主軸，剖析伊恩．麥可尤恩 (Ian McEwan) 撰寫之小說《贖罪》(Atonement) 二中譯本裡二百九十四個文化詞彙的翻譯策略，旨在探討原文作者初衷、源語的社會、歷史、宗教與神話意涵、譯者的多元文化知識、原文理解、翻譯策略運用及目的語文本可讀性的考量等因素，與跨文化翻譯中「文化缺漏現象」(cultural default)、可譯性及等化效應間的相互關係，進而幫助譯者於處理跨文化翻譯時，採取更積極有效的態度與作為，以促進文化交流。
筆者針對范文美女士及郭國良先生所譯之《贖罪》中譯本裡的文化詞彙進行分析探討後發現，文化元素的可譯性及等化與否取決於譯者的多元文化知識、語言敏銳度、對源語文本的綜觀理解、翻譯策略的選用及是否兼顧目的語文本的可讀性等條件，而等化效應則是依附可譯性而存在。
筆者首先分析范與郭的翻譯手法，接著解析各類別文化詞彙的可譯性及等化效應，最後提出筆者認為從跨文化的角度出發，最能達到文化詞彙可譯性與提升等化效應的翻譯策略；於第六章，筆者亦進一步提出「文化互動論」，闡明源語及目的語不同文化體系間的互動往來，猶如人際網絡的溝通交流，譯者若善用策略、並隨著各文化間愈趨頻繁的往來，文化缺漏現象將逐漸消弭，跨文化翻譯中的高度可譯性與等化效應即成為文化互動的管道與媒介。

This study is intended to highlight the influences of culture-specific items (CSIs) on message transference between source texts (STs) and target texts (TTs). Through analyzing two Chinese translations of the 294 CSIs from Ian McEwan’s Atonement, the researcher aims to explore the connection among cultural default, translatability, and equivalent effects, the variables of which include ST author’s intention, the social, historical, religious, and mythological background latent in STs, a translator’s ambi-cultural knowledge, understanding of STs, employment of translation strategies, and consideration of TTs’ readability.
After examining Fan’s and Guo’s renditions of CSIs in Atonement, the researcher confirms that translatability and equivalent effects of CSIs consist in a translator’s ambi-cultural knowhow, linguistic competence, complete comprehension of STs, selection of translation strategies, and consideration of TTs’ intelligibility; so cultural equivalence is greatly dependent on translatability.
Translations of selected CSIs are analyzed; and translatability and equivalent effects are discussed. At the end of each discussion, effective strategies for translating CSIs are suggested in terms of facilitating cultural communication. The researcher also puts forth “culture interaction theory” to expound the connection between translatability, equivalent effects, and cultural interaction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
中文摘要	viii
Abstract	ix
Chapter One INTRODUCTION	1
1.1 Background and Motivation	1
1.2 Methodology	2
1.3 Purposes of the Study	3
1.4 Significance of the Study	3
1.5 Terminologies	4
1.6 Organization of the Study	5
Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW	7
2.1 Culture and Translation	7
2.1.1 Definition of Culture	7
2.1.2 Translation of Cultural Expressions	8
2.2 Translatability and Equivalence	10
2.2.1 Translatability	10
2.2.2 Untranslatability	14
2.2.3 Equivalence	17
2.3 Culture-specific Items (CSIs) and Solutions	22
2.3.1 Definition of CSIs	22
2.3.2 Solutions to Translation of CSIs	25
2.4 Translation Principles and Empirical Experience	28
Chapter Three TRANSLATABILITY AND EQUIVALENCE OF CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS	30
3.1 Culture	30
3.2 The Origin of Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Language	32
3.2.1 Objective Facts	33
3.2.2 Different Modes of Linguistic Expressions	34
3.2.3 Diversified Sense of Value	34
3.3 Cultural Default	35
3.3.1 The Causes of Cultural Default	36
3.3.2 Translator’s Attitude/Solutions to Cultural Default	39
3.4 Culture-Specific Items (CSIs)/Culture-Bound Elements (CBEs)	43
3.4.1 Feasible Solutions to CSIs/CBEs	46
3.5 Untranslatability and Translatability of Cultural Expressions	49
3.5.1 Untranslatability of Cultural Expressions	49
3.5.2 Translatability of Cultural Expressions	55
3.5.3 Limit of Cultural Translatability	57
3.6 Equivalence Theories in Cultural Translation	60
Chapter Four ATONEMENT: THE NOVEL, THE AUTHOR, AND THE TRANSLATORS	64
4.1 The Novel	64
4.2 Ian McEwan and His Works	66
4.2.1 McEwan’s Life	66
4.2.2 Understanding McEwan via His Works	69
4.2.3 Awards and Ranks of Atonement	72
4.3 Significance and Features of Atonement	73
4.3.1 Intertextuality vs. Palimpsest	73
4.3.2 Itertextuality in Atonement	77
4.3.3 Multi-perspectival Narration in Atonement	80
4.4 The Translators of Atonement	83
4.4.1 Fan Wenmei	83
4.4.2 Guo Guoliang	85
Chapter Five EQUIVALENT EFFECTS AND TRANSLATABILITY OF
CULTURE IN ATONEMENT	88
5.1 Ecology	88
5.1.1 Translation Techniques and Strategies	88
5.1.2 Equivalent Effect and Translatability of Culture in Ecology Translation	92
5.1.3 Suggestions	93
5.2 Material Culture	94
5.2.1 Translation Techniques and Strategies	94
5.2.2 Equivalent Effect and Translatability of Material Culture	106
5.2.3 Suggestions	107
5.3 Organizations/Toponyms and Historical, Religious, and Artistic Terms	113
5.3.1 Translation Techniques and Strategies	113
5.3.2 Equivalent Effect and Translatability of Organizations/Toponyms,  and Historical, Religious, Artistic, and Mythological Terms	128
5.3.3 Suggestions	131
5.4 Metaphor	138
5.4.1 Translation Techniques and Strategies	138
5.4.2 Equivalent Effect and Translatability of Metaphors	152
5.4.3 Suggestions	155
Chapter Six CONCLUSION	166
6.1 Translatability and Equivalence of Cultural Elements	166
6.2 Translatability and Equivalence in Cultural Interaction	176
6.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research	177
References	181
Appendix A Categorization of CSIs in Atonement	195
Appendix B Ecological CSIs and Translation Strategies	196
Appendix C Material CSIs and Both Translators’ Translation Strategies	198
Appendix D CSIs of Organizations, Toponyms, History, Religion, Arts, and
Mythology and Translation Strategies	208
Appendix E CSIs of Metaphors (Dialects and Idiolects) and Translation Strategies	217
Appendix F Categorization of Translation Strategies	233
Appendix G Researcher’s Suggestions for Translating CSIs	238
Appendix H Mistranslations ……………………………………………………..	241
List of Tables and Figures
TABLES:
Table 5-1. Ecological CSIs translated with linguistic/non-cultural translation
Table 5-2. Ecological CSIs literally translated
Table 5-3. Transliterated ecological CSI
Table 5-4. Suggested translations of ecological CSIs I.
Table 5-5. Suggested translations of ecological CSIs II.
Table 5-6. Food CSIs transliterated along with a neutral term
Table 5-7. Food CSIs translated with recognized one-to-one equivalent
Table 5-8. Transliterated clothes and apparel CSIs
Table 5-9. Transliterated transportation CSIs
Table 5-10. Transliterated commodity CSIs
Table 5-11. Neutralized commodity CSIs
Table 5-12. Suggested translations of commodity CSIs: transferred with descriptive/functional equivalents
Table 5-13. Suggested translations of commodity CSIs: transferred along with
intra-textual additions
Table 5-14. Suggested translations of commodity CSIs: cultural transplantation along with a terse parenthesized information
Table 5-15. Suggested translations of commodity CSIs: recognized terms
Table 5-16. Suggested translations of commodity CSIs: translated literally along
with word order modulation
Table 5-17. Organization and toponym CSIs translated with recognized terms
Table 5-18. Organization and toponym CSIs transliterated
Table 5-19. Neutralized CSIs of toponyms and organizations
Table 5-20. Translations of religious CSIs
Table 5-21. Translations of historical CSIs
Table 5-22. Translations of artistic and mythological CSIs
Table 5-23. Suggested translations of organization and toponym CSIs:
transliterated along with a parenthesized explanation
Table 5-24. Suggested translations of religious CSIs: translated with a descriptive
equivalent added as a footnote
Table 5-25. Suggested translations of mythological CSIs: translated with
a descriptive equivalent added as a footnote
Table 5-26. Suggested translations of historical CSIs: translated with recognized
terms along with an addition
Table 5-27. Suggested translations of artistic CSIs: transliterated along with
intra-textual addition
Table 5-28. Selected metaphorical expressions and translation strategies
Table 5-29. Metaphors translated literally
Table 5-30. An example of literal translation I.
Table 5-31. An example of literal translation II.
Table 5-32. Two examples of inexact translations
Table 5-33. Different strategies in translating metaphors
Table 5-34. An example of different metaphorical translation strategies I.
Table 5-35. An example of different metaphorical translation strategies II.
Table 5-36. Suggested translations of metaphorical expressions: transferred
along with extra-textual addition
Table 5-37. Suggested translations of metaphorical expressions: through-translated
along with extra-textual addition
Table 5-38. Suggested translations of metaphorical expressions: paraphrased
along with intra-textual addition

FIGURES:
Figure 2-1 & 3-1. The different possibilities of culture-bound elements
Figure 4-1. The range of forms of multi-perspectival narration

                                

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