企業組織運用專案管理來整合可用的資源，在有限的時間與預算內，透過團隊的努力，克服不確定因素，達成特定的目標。在高度競爭，變化快速的環境中，如何在有限的時間，有限的資源之下，快速因應營運環境的變化，達成企業的策略目標，產生市場所需要的產品，縮短產品進入市場的時間，均有賴於有效的專案管理。

專案管理是被企業組織廣泛使用的管理工具，其主要目的在於藉由專案管理的手法，整合組織內外部資源，平衡關係人的利益，在特定的期間內，達成特定的需求。專案管理本身只是工具，組織是使用管理工具的主體，組織的特性及對於專案的互動與專案的成敗息息相關。

任何的專案都需經過「人」來實施，因此，如何建立團隊，有效授權，充份溝通，激勵士氣等等，都是專案管理必需面臨的挑戰。此外專案管理活動必需依附在現有的組織下進行，因此專案勢必會與功能組織內現有的一般作業競爭資源並與組織現有的管理流程緊密結合。因為這種既競爭又合作的狀況，組織的各項因素將對對於專案的執行績效產生影響。

本研究從專案本身的內在因素及專案所依附組織的外在因素來探討其對於專案績效的影響。於專案內在特性的影響因素主要為適任的專案經理，專案對於組織的重要程度，專案的困難程度，專案階段規劃的適切程度與以往的專案管理績效等。而專案所處組織環境的外在影響因素有專案利害關係人管理，專案衝突管理能力，決策授權的程度，專案組織結構，激勵制度，組織文化，組織的政治行為，知識管理能力等。這些不同的因素都可能會對於專案的管理與執行績效影響程度不同，同時其影響方式亦有直接或間接之分。專案本身的內在因素直接決定了專案的管理效率、資源配置與專案的成敗，而專案的外在因素也在專案的執行過程中對專案績效產生間接影響。

本研發現在健全的專案內在因素及良好的外的在因素控制之下才能有效提升專案績效。因此瞭解這些內外在因素對於專案的影響程度及方式為何，將有助於檢視組織在專案管理既有優點與缺點，擬定良好專案管理策略，有效達成企業的營運目標。

Enterprises and organizations applying to project management is to integrate available resources and overcome uncertain factors to achieve specific objectives within specific time and budget by team works. In the highly competitive and changing environment, enterprises can depend on effective project management to obtain some quicker response and achieve strategic objectives, produce the product meeting market needs and shorten the time to the market within limited time and resource by effective project management.

Project management is a tool commonly used by enterprises. The purpose is to integrate resource of organizations, to balance the benefit of stakeholders and meet requirement within limited time. The project management itself is just a tool，the organization is the master of the tool. The interaction between the characters of organization and project is critical to the success or failure of the enterprises.

Project must be executed by people. Therefore, the works of team building, effective empowerment, sufficient for communication, motiving morale etc., are the most important factors of project management. Besides, the activities of project management have to be undertaken by the organization. Project must compete for the resources of organization with functional department and connected with the processes of organization closely. Under such situation, the factors of organization will affect the performance of project.

This study will discuss about the performance affecting effect of the internal and external factors of project. The internal factors of project are the importance of project, the degree of difficulty of project，the fitness of project manager for project, and the performance of past projects. The external factors of project are the structure of project organization type, organizational culture, and delegation of authority for decision, conflict management, political behaviors, and the ability of knowledge management. All the factors will affect the performance of project in different degree and the effect and can be distinguished into direct or indirect. The internal factors affect the efficiency of project management, resource location and project success directly. The external factors affect project performance indirectly.

This study discovered that project performance will be promoted by healthy internal factors and good external factors. Therefore, understanding the way and the degree of the influence of internal and external factors of project will be helpful for reviewing the existing strength and weakness of project management, preparing excellent strategy to achieve the goal of enterprise efficiently.

中文文獻
1.Ranjit Kumar (2000), “Research Metholodgy : A step by step for beginner” , 潘中道、黃瑋瑩、胡龍騰譯, 學富文化,台北。
2.王廣仁 (1988) , ”矩陣式組織設計管理之研究”，政治大學碩士論文。
3.吳思華（1988）， ”產業政策與企業策略”，台北：中華經濟企業研究所。
4.吳家名 (2005), “全球化專案下矩陣式組織關係管理之研究－以日月光半導體公司為例” , 中山大學資訊管理學系碩士論文。
5.吳青松 (1992)， “臺灣資訊電子業關鍵成功因素之探討” ，中華民國管理科學學報。
6.李庭毓 (2000)， ”在不同的專案特性下控制機制對專案績效之影響”，靜宜大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
7.林怡伶 (2004), ”專案管理平衡計分卡”,臺灣大學資訊管理學研究所碩士論文。
8.林東清, 張玲星 (1997), “資訊系統發展過程中使用者與資訊人員之 政治遊戲：一個探索性研究”, 中山管理評論。
9.林信惠，黃明祥，王文良 (2004)， ”軟體專案管理”，智勝圖書，台北。
10.林建煌 (1992) ” 專案衝突型研究”, 管理評論, 11卷 , pp. 29-48。
11.林妙雀、趙心潔 (2000)， ”激勵性報酬、員工屬性與工作滿意度之研究－以台 灣高科技產業為實證對象”，亞太管理評論， pp.53-74。
12.林澤民(2005), “專案成員之多樣化對軟體專案團隊績效影響之研究” , 中山大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
13.許如欽 (2005) ，專案負責人能力、專案執行力與專案效益之探討-以政府專案為例,中山管理評論，pp.269。
14.許國清 (1999) ，”不同專案群組下，專案經理人特性對專案績效之影響”，靜宜大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
15.陳玉波 (2003)，”企業專案管理之風險評估流程”，中山大學資訊管理學系碩士論文，2003。
16.陳俊材 (1993)，「辦公室裡的政治遊戲」，管理雜誌，230 期 pp.28~30。
17.彭郁芬 (2002) , “組織政治行為對成員工作投入之影響” ,中山大學人力資源管理研究所。
18.曾琡雯 (2003) , “個人、組織與環境因素在組織政治知覺形成過程中所扮演的角色”,中山大學人力資源管理研究所。
19.黃昆明 (2001) ， ”功能式矩陣組織研發管理關鍵成功因素之探討”，國立中山大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
20.黃隆民 (1995)， ”國小教師知覺政治行為之研究”，國立台中師範學院初等教育研究 所，初等教育研究集刊，第 3 期，pp.113-160。
21.楊文昌（2003）， ”台商兩岸三地員工激勵制度滿意度影響個人工作績效之研究 以電子零件通路商Y企業為例”，國立台灣科技大學管理研究所碩士學位論文。
22.熊培霖、范淼、黃哲明、周祥東、陸正平著 (2006) , “專案管理基礎知識與應用實務” ,社團法人中華專案管理學會 ,台北。
23.謝立詩 ( 2001 )，”跨功能團隊對研究機構執行專案計畫之關鍵成功因素探討”, 中原大學企業管理系碩士論文。

英文文獻

1.Aakers, D. A. (1984), ” Strategic Market Management” （New York :John Wiley & Soms Inc.,） p.24 & p.70.
2.Aaron J. Shenhar, Ofer Levy and Dov Dvir (1997) , “Mapping the Dimensions of Project Success,”Project Management Journal, pp.5-13
3.Adams J. R.,& Barndt S.E., (1998) ”Behavioral Implications of the Project Life Cycle ”, Project Management Handbook, D.I. Cleland and W.R.King(Eds.),Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
4.Alan Murphy, Ann Ledwith (2006) , ”Project management tools and techniques in high-tech smes in ireland”, High Technology Small Firms Conference , pp.8.
5.Allen, R. W., D. L. Madison, L. W. Porter, P. A. Renwick and B. T. Mayes, ( 1979 ) , Organizational politics: Tactics and characteristics of its actors, California Management Review, Fall, pp.77.
6.Amason, A.C.,＆Sapienza, H.J. (1997) ＂The effect oftop management team size and interaction norms on cognitive conflict and affective conflict＂Journal of Management, (23:4) , pp.459-516
7.Avan R. Jassawalla and Hemant C. Sashittal (1999) ,“Building collaborative cross-functional new product teams,” Academy of Management Executive, pp.50-63
8.Bardach, E. (1977), “The Implementation Game: What Happens After a Bill Becomes a Law “ , MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
9.Baugh,J.G. (1996) , ”A Study of Decision Making within a Matrix Organization” , ph.D. Dissertation, United States International University,1981(Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
10.Bedeian, A. G. , Workplace envy (1995 ), “Organizational Dynamics “ , Spring, pp. 49-56.
11.Benson P.G., Saraph J. V.,& Schroeder R.G. (1991) , ” The Effects of Organizational Context on Quality Management：An Empirical Investigation ”, Management Science, Vol.37, No. 9, September , pp. 1107-1124.
12.Boynton, A. C., & R. W. Zmud (1984) , “An Assessment of Critical Success Factor”, Sloan Management Review,Summer,pp.19-21.
13.Cleland D.I. (1983) , “ The Cultural Ambience of the Matrix Organization” in D. I. Cleland and W. R. King, Eds., Project Management Handbook.
14.Davis S.M. , Lawrence P.R. (1977) , Matrix, Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
15.Davis（1984）, “Human behavior at work” , Organizational behavior. New York ,McGraw-Hill.
16.De Dreu, Carsten K.W.＆Van Vianen, Annelies E.M. (2001), ＂Managing relationship conflict and the effectiveness of organizational teams＂Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, pp.309-328.
17.Denis, H.,(1996) “Is the Matrix Organization a Cumbersome Structure for Engineering Project?”, Project Management Journal, Vol.17, No.1.
18.Dimarco N., Goodson J.R.,& Houser H.F. (1989) , ”Situational Leadership in a Project/ Matrix Environment”, Project Management Journal, Vol.28, No.1,p11-18 .
19.Doyle, S.X. and B.P. Shapiro (1980) ,”What Counts Most in Motivation Your Sales Force?”, .Harvard Business Review, May/Jun,pp133-140.
20.Eran Vigoda (2000), “Internal Politics in Public Administration Systems : An Empirical Examination of Its Relationship With Job Congruence, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and In-Role Performance,” Public Personnel Management, Vol.29 Issue 2, pp.185-210.
21.Ewusi-Mensah K. (1997), "Critical Issues in ABANDONED Information Systems Development Projects", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 74-80.
22.Fairchild, A. M. (2000) , “Discussion of Metrics for Distributed Project Management: Preliminary Findings”, IEEE .
23.Ferguson, C. R. and R. Dickinson (1982) , “Critical Success Factor for Directors in the Eighties”, Business Horizons, May-June,pp.14-18.
24.Ferris, Fedor, Chachere & Pondy (1989) Myths and Politics in Organizational contexts. Group and Organizational Studies, 14:pp.88-103.
25.Florin, P., Giamartino, G., Kenny, D. (1990) , & Wandersman, A. ," Levels of analysis and effects: Clarifying group influence and climate by separating individual and group effects." Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, pp.881-900
26.Galbraith, Jay R. (1971) , “Matrix Organization Design: How to combine functional and project forms”, Business Horizons, February , p29-40.
27.Gandz, J. and V. V. Murray (1980) , The experience of workplace politics, Academy of Management Journal, 23: 248.
28.Greenberg, J. and M. Liebman (1990) .“Incentives: The Missing in Strategic
29.Greenberger, D. B., S. Strasser and S. Lee (1988) , Personal control as a mediator between perceptions of supervisory behaviors and employee reactions, Academy of Management Journa l , 31 (2): 405-417.
30.Grover, V., A. L. Lederer and R. Sabherwal ( 1988) , Recognizing the politics of MIS,Information & Management , 14: 145-156.
31.Hall, J. & Williams, M. S. (1966) , “Acomparison of Decision-Making Performances in Estabilished and Ad-Hoc Groups”, orrnal of Personality and Social Psychology, Feb., p217.
32.Hans J. Thamhain, (2004) , “Team Leadership Effectiveness In Technology-Based Project Enviorments” , Project Management Journal, Vol.35, pp.35-46.
33.Hofer, C.W. & Dan S.（1978）﹐Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts﹐（West Publishing Co.）,pp.75-76.
34.Ingram, T.N. and D.N. Bellemger (1983) ,”Personal and Organizational Variables: Their Relative Effect on Reward Valences of Industrial Salespeople”,Journal of Marketing Research,Vol 20, May, pp.186-205.
35.Irja Hyva¨ ri (2006) , Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations , International Journal of Project Management 24, pp.216–225.
36.Jehn Karen, A. (1995) , "A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict." Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, pp.256-283.
37.Jehn, Karen A. ＆ Chatman, Jennifer A. (2000) ,＂The influence of proportional and perceptual conflict composition on team performance.＂ International Journal of Conflict Management, (11:1), pp.56-73.
38.John McManus (2004) , "A Stakeholder Perspective in Software Project Management", Management Services, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 8-12 .
39.Joyce Fortune, Diana White, (2006) , "Framing of Project Critical Success Factors by a Systems Model", International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 53-65.
40.J. Rodney Turner & Ralf Muller , (2005), “The project manager’s leadership style as a successful factor on projects: A literature reivew” , Vol.36, Project Management Journal, pp.49-61.
41.Kacmar , K. M. and G. R. Ferris (1993) , “ Politics at work: Sharpening the focus of political behavior in organizations” , Business Horizons, July-August : 70-74.
42.Kacmar K. M. & Baron R. A. ( 1999 ), “Organizational Politics: The state of the field, links to related processes, and an agenda for future research”, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 17: pp.1-39.
43.Kaj U. Koskinen , (2004) , “Knowledge Management to Improve Project Communication and Implementation”, Project Management Journal, Vol.35, pp.13-19.
44.Katz R.,& Allen T.J. (1985) , ”Project Performance and the Locus of Influence in the R&D Matrix”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol,28,No.1,March, p67-87.
45.Keen, P. G. W. (1981) , Information systems and organizational change, Communicati on of the ACM , 24, pp.24-33.
46.Keller R. T. (1994) , “Technology-Information and the Locus of of Influence in the R&D Martrix” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 28, pp.167-179.
47.Kerzner (1995) , ”Project Management: A systems Approach to Planning , Scheduling , and Controlling” Van Nostrand Reinhold.4th ,1995. 28, No.1,pp.167-179.
48.Kolodny H.F. (1983) ,” Evolutio n to a Matrix Organization ”, in D. I. Cleland and W. R. King, Eds., Project Management Handbook.
49.Korin Kendra & Laura J. Taplin (2004) , “Project Success:A Culture Framework”, Project Management Journal April, pp.30-45.
50.Kreitner, R. and A. Kinicki (1997) , “Organizational Behavior (4th eds)” , Irwin & McGraw-Hill.
51.Larson E.W., Gobeli D. H. (1987) , ”Relative Effectiveness of Different Project Structure” , Project Management Journal, Vol.18,No.2,June , p81-85.
52.Larson E.W.,& Gobeli D. H. (1988) , ”Organization For Product Development Project”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, May , p180-190.
53.Larson E.W., & Gobeli D. H. (1989), ”Significance of Project Management Structure on Development Success” , IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.36,No.2,May , p119-125.
54.Leidecker, J. K. & A.V. Bruno (1984), “Identifying and Using Critical Success Factors”, Long Range Planning, Vol.17,No.1, 1984, pp.26-52.
55.Markus, M. L. (1983), “Power, politics, and MIS implementation “ , Communication of ACM, pp. 430-444.
56.Maxwell K.D., Kusters R.J. (2000) , "Software Project Control and Metrics", Information and Software Technology, Vol. 42, pp. 963-964.
57.McCollum J.K.,& Sherman J.D. (1991) , “The Effects of Matrix Organization Size and Number of Project Assignments on Performance”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.38,No.1
58.Might, R.J.,& Fischer, W.A. (1985) , “The Role of Structural Factors in Determining Project Management Success”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, May,p71-77
59.Mintzberg, H., (1984) , “Power and organization life cycle”, Academy of Management Review, 9 (2): pp.207-224.
60.Robert D. Dimitroff, Lu Ann Schmidt & Timothy D. Bond , (2005), “Organizational Behavior and Disaster:A study of conflict at NASA” , Project Management Journal, Vol.36 , pp.28-38.
61.Oya Icmeli, Tukel, Walter O. Rom (1998) , “Analysis of the Characteristics of Projects in Diverse Industries” , Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 16, pp. 43-61.
62.Padgham,H.F. (1989) , ”Choosing The Right Program Management Organization ”,Project Management Journal, Vol.20,No.2,Jan, p35-40.
63.Patricia, A. W. (1995) , “The effects of politics and power on the organizational commitment of federal executives” , Journal of Management , pp. 101-118.
64.Pettersen, N. (1991),“Selecting Project Manager: An Integrated List Of Predictors” , Project Management Journal,vol.22,no.2, p21-26.
65.Pinto J. K., Kharbanda O. P. (1996) , “How to Fail in Project Management Without Really Trying” ,Business Horizons, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 45-53.
66.Pinto J. K., Slevin D. P. (1988) , “Project Success: Definition and Measurement Techniques” , Project Management Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 67-72.
67.Pinto J.K., & Covin J.G. (1989) , ” Critical Factors in Project Implementation: A Comparison of Construction and R&D Projects” , Technovation, Vol.9, p49-62, 1989
68.Pinto Mary Beth, Jeffrey K. Pinto and John E. Prescott (1993) , “Antecedents and Consequences of Project Team Cross-functional Cooperation,” Management Science, pp.1281-1297.
69.Pinto, J. K., & Slevin, D.P. (1986) , ” The Project Implementation Profile: New Tool For Project. Manager” , Project Management Journal, Vol XVII, No4, p57-70.
70.Pinto, J.K.,& Slevin, D.P. ( 1988 ) , ” The Project Success : Definitions and Measurement Techniques ” , Project Management Journal, Vol XIX, No3, p63 - 75.
71.Pinto, J. K., & Slevin,D.P. (1987) , ”Critical Factors in Successful Project Implementation,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-34,No.1,Feb., p22-27.
72.Pondy, L. R. (1976), “Organizational conflict: Concepts and models.”, Administrative Science Quarterly, (12:2), pp.296-320.
73.Posner B.Z. (1987) , ”What’s the Fighting About? Conflicts in Project Management”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.EM-33, No.4,November, p51-54.
74.Project Management Institute (2004) , “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge".
75.Psttigrew, A.M. (1975) , “Towards a political theory of organizational intervention” , Human Relations, 28: 192.
76.Robbins, S.P. (1998) , “Organizational Behavior(8th ed) “ , Englewood Cliffs, N.J.： Prentice-Hall.
77.Rockart,J.F. (1979) , “Chief Executives Define Their Own Data Needs” , Harvard Business Review, Mar.-Apr., pp.85.
78.Shenhar, A.,Bard, J.F. and Globerson, S. (1994) ”Project Management：Engineering，Technology and Implementation”，Englewood，NJ： Prentice-Hall.
79.Song, X. Michael and Parry, Mark E. ( 1996 ) ,” What Separates Japanese New Product Winners from Losers. “, Journal of Product Innovation Management 13 (5): 422-439.
80.Sternberg, R. J. & Soriano, L. J. (1984) , “Style of Conflict Resolution”, Jorrnal of Personality and Social Psychology, July, p112-126.
81.Stone, C. (1980) ,” The implementation of social programs” , Journal of Social Issues , 36 (4), pp.13-34.
82.Suzanne K Bishop (1999) ,“Cross-functional project teams in functionally aligned organizations” , Project Management Journal, pp.6-12.
83.Terry Cooke-Davies (2002) , “The 'real' Success Factors on Projects” , International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 20, pp. 185-190.
84.Thamhain, H. J. and Wilemon, D. L. (1974) “Conflict management in project-oriented Work enviornment” , Proceeding of the Sixth International meeting of Project Manamement Institute, Washinton D.C., September.
85.Tina Benitez. (2003), ”Motivation matters:Incentive programs improve employee performance”, Incentive,March, Vol.177,p6.
86.Verdenburgh, D. J. and J.G. Maurer (1984) , “A process framework of organizational politics” , Human Relations, 37 (1): 47-66.
87.Well, James A. Jr.＆ Callister (1995), “Conflict and its management” , Journal of Management, 21, pp.515-558
88.Wendy E. Stewart (2001) , “Balanced Scorecard for Projects”, Project Management Journal ,vol.32, pp.38-53.
89.Zimmerer, T. , & Yasin M. (1998) “The leadership profile of American project managers” , Project Management Journal 29(1) , pp.31–38.