由於能源與環境議題日益嚴重，人們開始尋找替代能源。氫能源因為較容易自電解水取得，且反應產物只有水，獲得大家的關注。
本文的第一部分介紹了一種兩步法製備具有原子級分散釕的氮參雜碳片觸媒(Ru-N-C-NH3)。該觸媒在鹼性析氧反應(OER)中，擁有優異的電化學活性。具體表現在電位為1.52 V時16842 A gRu 1的質量活性以及電流密度為10 mA cm-2時290 mV的過電位。在陰離子交換膜水電解裝置中，我們將Ru-N-C-NH3作為陽極的觸媒，並穩定運行了超過100小時，而且質量活性比用商業化氧化銥(IrO2)作為陽極的電解水裝置高了3個數量級。我們也證明了如此優異的性能是與Ru的原子級分散與Ru-N鍵節相關。但是X光吸收能譜中還是有Ru-Ru鍵節的訊號，說明了Ru不是完全分散到原子的維度，仍然有奈米顆粒或團簇的存在。
根據第一個部分的結果，為了達到完全的單原子觸媒，我們修改了一些製備過程中的參數，例如更換前驅物，加熱條件以及反應步驟，我們還使用了一種新的快速退火的方法。第二部分的實驗成功合成的完全分散的單原子觸媒，並比較了幾個不同的參數如碳氮比、加熱溫度和鈷含量。2%-CN6-1050F-30-N15表示該觸媒擁有2%的理論Co含量和6的理論碳氮比。該觸媒的前驅物在1050oC的N2氣氛中快速退火碳化了30分鐘，然後得到的黑色觸媒再在1050oC的5% NH3氣氛中退火了15分鐘。它的半波電位為 0.804 V (vs. RHE) , 極限電流為6.3 mA cm-2, 具有優異的電化學性能。以2%-CN6-1050F-30-N15觸媒作為陰極的陰離子交換膜燃料電池，擁有673.3 mW cm-2的最大功率密度，超過商業40% Pt/C，但是相同條件下，我們的觸媒中金屬載量只有二十分之一。之所以2%-CN6-1050F-30-N15有這麼高的活性，是由於其較高的缺陷結構與比表面積(783.6 m2g-1)，經TEM與XAS驗證通過Co-N鍵節達成的單原子位點，二次退火後較高的氮含量以及其中較高的吡啶氮含量。所以2%-CN6-1050F-30-N15是一個適合於應用在陰離子交換膜燃料電池的觸媒。

Energy issues and environmental crises have become more serious recently. Therefore, people start thinking about substituting energy. Hydrogen energy comes to people’s minds due to its advantages of clean and accessibility. The works of an Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer (AEMWE) and Fuel Cell (AEMFC) are done to find suitable catalysts for the electrode.
The first work states a strategy using both “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods to synthesize catalysts with atomic dispersion Ru through two-step thermal treatment on nitrogen-doped carbon sheets (Ru-N-C-NH3), which performs outstanding catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Ru-N-C-NH3 catalyst performs an excellent OER activity in alkaline media, delivering a mass activity as high as 16842 A gRu-1 at 1.52V with a low overpotential of 290 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The catalyst activity stays stable without obvious decay after 100 hours of durability test in the anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). The mass activity of AEMWE is also three-order higher than the composition using commercial IrO2 as an anode. The atomic dispersion of the catalyst and the Ru-N bonding is also confirmed to be related to the enhancement of OER activity. However, there are still XAS signals of Ru-Ru bonding, indicating the incomplete atomic dispersion of Ru.
The results lead us to some modifications of the synthesis procedure such as a change of precursor, heating condition, and reaction steps to finalize complete atomic dispersion. Fast annealing procedure is also introduced. The second work successfully fabricates a complete single atomic catalyst, several parameters are also compared like carbon-nitrogen ratio, heating temperature, and cobalt content. 2%-CN6-1050F-30-N15, representing a catalyst with 2% theoretical cobalt loading and a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 6 is carbonized with fast annealing procedure at 1050oC in N2 atmosphere for 30 minutes and then annealed at 1050oC in 5% NH3 for 15 minutes, has the best electrochemical activity. The catalyst has a halfwave potential of 0.804 V vs. RHE and a limiting current of 6.3 mA cm-2. The AEMFC full cell result of the best catalyst surpasses commercial 40 % Pt/C with the same catalyst loading but much lower metal content and reaches outstandingly 673.3 mW cm-2. 2%-CN6-1050F-30-N15 is proved to be a practical catalyst due to its high surface area of 783.6 m2g-1, complete single atomic sites confirmed by TEM and XAS, high content of nitrogen after second annealing, especially pyridinic N, and its high defect structure.

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