簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 胡家群
Chia-Chun Hu
論文名稱: 基於穿戴式與智慧裝置之具有即時回饋的 CPR 輔助系統
A Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Assistive System with Real-Time Feedback Based on Wearable and Smart Device
指導教授: 林淵翔
Yuan-Hsiang Lin
口試委員: 周迺寬
Nai-Kuan Chou
林敬舜
Ching-Shun Lin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電資學院 - 電子工程系
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering
論文出版年: 2017
畢業學年度: 105
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 74
中文關鍵詞: CPR按壓深度穿戴式裝置輔助系統
外文關鍵詞: CPR, compression depth, wearable device, assistive system
相關次數: 點閱:298下載:2
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

當心臟疾病突發時,心肺復甦術(CPR)是急救病患中重要的一環。CPR胸外按壓得在相關的規範內,若壓太輕效果不大,若太大力則可能造成病患傷害。現今人們隨身攜帶著手機與手錶,在面對突發狀況時若能即時運用此兩裝置,更能增加急救的效果與效率。因此本論文欲開發出一套結合使用穿戴式裝置與智慧型裝置的CPR輔助系統。本論文使用自製的穿戴式裝置進行按壓感測,透過加速度計的量測,可以運算按壓的次數與頻率,甚至將加速度積分為位移,算出按壓深度與回彈距離。透過安妮外部的光學動作捕捉系統進行驗證,按壓深度與回彈距離誤差分別為2.37±3.03mm與2.19±2.86mm;使用安妮內部的線性電阻進行驗證,按壓深度與回彈距離誤差為2.2±2.84mm與2.09±2.69mm,而按壓次數誤差為±1下。最後進行使用本裝置前後比較,使用本系統能提昇84.7%的按壓頻率準確度與64.5%的按壓深度準確度,問卷調查結果反映使用本系統更能提昇使用者的按壓信心與能力。未來欲增設陀螺儀以增加不同角度下的深度準確度,以及偵測手臂彎曲狀況。


Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an important way for first aid when cardiac arrest suddenly occurs. The depth of chest compression must meet the standard, if the compression is too shallow will cause the ineffectiveness, else will lead to patient's injury. People nowadays bring smartphones or wear smartwatches. In order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency treatments, the applications based on the smartphones or smartwatches should be considered. Therefore, a CPR assistive system that combines wearable and smart devices is developed in this study. We use the designed wearable device to monitor the quality of chest compression. Using the accelerometer measurements to execute the number and frequency of compression, then integrates the acceleration to calculate the displacement, the compression depth and recoil distance. Based on the overall results of compression depth and recoil distance verification, we found an accuracy of 2.37±3.03mm and 2.19±2.86mm as compared to the optical motion capture system (Qualisys) (outside manikin), an accuracy of 2.2±2.84mm and 2.09±2.69mm as compared to the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) (inside manikin), and an error of the number of compression of ±1 times. The result of survey questionnaire presents that with the use of our proposed system can improve the self-confidence and the ability of the users. Furthermore, a gyroscope will be added to increase the depth accuracy of different angles and to detect the bending of arms in the future.

論文摘要 I ABSTRACT II 誌謝 III 目錄 IV 圖目錄VII 表目錄 IX 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 動機與目的 1 1.2 市售產品比較 4 1.3 文獻回顧 5 1.4 論文架構 8 第二章 背景與原理 9 2.1 CPR 執行與訓練 9 2.1.1 CPR 簡介 9 2.1.2 Hands-Only CPR 10 2.1.3 CPR 訓練 10 2.2 計算深度原理 11 第三章 研究方法 12 3.1 系統架構 12 3.2 硬體裝置 13 3.2.1 硬體架構 13 3.2.2 微控制器 14 3.2.3 感測器 15 3.3 手機端程式 16 3.3.1 程式界面 16 3.3.2 程式流程 18 3.4 韌體程式 20 3.4.1 韌體流程 20 3.4.2 通訊格式 21 3.5 韌體演算法 21 3.5.1 演算法流程 21 3.5.2 準位處理 23 3.5.3 雜訊漂移處理 24 3.5.4 次數與頻率計算 26 3.5.5 深度與回彈計算 29 第四章 實驗設計與結果討論 32 4.1 實驗目的 32 4.2 實驗 1、演算法驗證 32 4.2.1 實驗環境 32 4.2.2 實驗 1.1 次數驗證 34 4.2.2.1 實驗方法 34 4.2.2.2 實驗結果 34 4.2.3 實驗 1.2、深度與回彈驗證 35 4.2.3.1 實驗方法 35 4.2.3.2 實驗結果 36 4.2.4 實驗 1.3、體內外深度相關性 39 4.2.4.1 實驗方法 39 4.2.4.2 實驗結果 39 4.3 實驗 2、輔助成效實驗 41 4.3.1 實驗環境 41 4.3.2 實驗方法 42 4.3.3 實驗結果 43 4.4 結果討論 45 4.4.1 次數濾波 45 4.4.2 準位濾波 45 4.4.3 體內外線性回歸 47 第五章 結論 51 參考文獻 52 授權書 66

[1] World Health Organization. (2014) The top 10 causes of death. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/
[2] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, “Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013,” Lancet, vol. 385, no. 9963, pp. 117–171, Jan 2015.
[3] World Health Organization, Global Burden of Disease (The). 2004 Update. 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2008.
[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Coronary artery disease (cad),” 2015, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/ coronary_ad.htm
[5] D. Kasper, A. Fauci, S. Hauser, D. Longo, and J. Jameson, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, the United States of America: McGraw-Hill, 2015.
[6] P. Safar, “Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a review,” Circulation, vol. 74, no. 6 Pt 2, pp. V138–153, Dec 1986.
[7] M. Holzer and W. Behringer, “Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest,” Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 163–168, Apr 2005.
[8] P. Safar, F. Xiao, A. Radovsky, K. Tanigawa, U. Ebmeyer, N. Bircher, H. Alexander, and S. W. Stezoski, “Improved cerebral resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs with mild hypothermia plus blood flow promotion,” Stroke, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 105–113, Jan 1996.
[9] American Heart Association Guidelines Highlights Project Team, Highlights of the 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR & ECC. American Heart Association, 2015.
[10] J. M. Field, M. F. Hazinski, M. R. Sayre, L. Chameides, S. M. Schexnayder, R. Hemphill, R. A. Samson, J. Kattwinkel, R. A. Berg, F. Bhanji, D. M. Cave, E. C. Jauch, P. J. Kudenchuk, R. W. Neumar, M. A. Peberdy, J. M. Perlman, E. Sinz, A. H. Travers, M. D. Berg, J. E. Billi, B. Eigel, R. W. Hickey, M. E. Kleinman, M. S. Link, L. J. Morrison, R. E. O’Connor, M. Shuster, C. W. Callaway, B. Cucchiara, J. D. Ferguson, T. D. Rea, and T. L. Vanden Hoek, “Part 1: Executive summary,” Circulation, vol. 122, no. 18 suppl 3, pp. S640–S656, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/18_suppl_3/S640
[11] American Heart Association, “Part 2: Adult basic life support,” Circulation, vol. 112, no. 22 suppl, pp. III–5–III–16, 2005. [Online]. Available: http: //circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/22_suppl/III-5
[12] T. L. Vanden Hoek, L. J. Morrison, M. Shuster, M. Donnino, E. Sinz, E. J. Lavonas, F. M. Jeejeebhoy, and A. Gabrielli, “Part 12: Cardiac arrest in special situations,” Circulation, vol. 122, no. 18 suppl 3, pp. S829–S861, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/18_suppl_3/S829
[13] W. J. Brady, K. K. Gurka, B. Mehring, M. A. Peberdy, R. E. O’Connor, K. B. Kern, S. Warren, G. Nichol, T. Noel, J. P. Ornato, M. A. Peberdy, R. Geocadin, S. Braithwaite, M. E. Mancini, R. A. Berg, E. Allen, E. A. Hunt, V. M. Nadkarni, K. Duncan, C. Sasson, and D. Edelson, “In-hospital cardiac arrest: impact of monitoring and witnessed event on patient survival and neurologic status at hospital discharge,” Resuscitation, vol. 82, no. 7, pp. 845–852, Jul 2011.
[14] The Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, “2012 national utstein report,” 2012, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: https://mycares.net/sitepages/ reports2012.jsp
[15] M. Hüpfl, H. F. Selig, and P. Nagele, “Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis,” Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9752, pp. 1552– 1557, Nov 2010.
[16] B. J. Bobrow, D. W. Spaite, R. A. Berg, U. Stolz, A. B. Sanders, K. B. Kern, T. F. Vadeboncoeur, L. L. Clark, J. V. Gallagher, J. S. Stapczynski, F. LoVecchio, T. J. Mullins, W. O. Humble, and G. A. Ewy, “Chest compression-only CPR by lay res- cuers and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,” JAMA, vol. 304, no. 13, pp. 1447–1454, Oct 2010.
[17] K. B. Kern, R. W. Hilwig, R. A. Berg, A. B. Sanders, and G. A. Ewy, “Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” Circulation, vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 645–649, 2002. [Online]. Available: http://circ.ahajournals.org/ content/105/5/645
[18] American Heart Association, “Frequently asked questions cpr possible hazards, american heart association,” 2006, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://www.life1st.com/files/FAQs-CPRpossibleHazards.pdf
[19] L. White, J. Rogers, M. Bloomingdale, C. Fahrenbruch, L. Culley, C. Subido, M. Eisenberg, and T. Rea, “Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” Circulation, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 91–97, 2010. [Online]. Available: http: //circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/1/91
[20] University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, “Members of the public lack skills, confidence necessary to save lives with cpr, research shows, university of pennsylvania school of medicine,” 2011, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-11-members-lack-skills-confidence-cpr.html
[21] M. Holmberg, S. Holmberg, and J. Herlitz, “Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden,” Resuscitation, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 59–70, Sep 2000.
[22] E. J. Gallagher, G. Lombardi, and P. Gennis, “Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,” JAMA, vol. 274, no. 24, pp. 1922–1925, Dec 1995.
[23] J. Engdahl, A. Bang, J. Lindqvist, and J. Herlitz, “Time trends in long-term mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 1980 to 1998, and predictors for death,” Am. Heart J., vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 826–833, May 2003.
[24] M. L. Weisfeldt, C. M. Sitlani, J. P. Ornato, T. Rea, T. P. Aufderheide, D. Davis, J. Dreyer, E. P. Hess, J. Jui, J. Maloney, G. Sopko, J. Powell, G. Nichol, and L. J. Morrison, “Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 1713–1720, Apr 2010.
[25] R. A. Waalewijn, R. de Vos, J. G. Tijssen, and R. W. Koster, “Survival models for outof- hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic,” Resuscitation, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 113–122, Nov 2001.
[26] L. Wik, P. A. Steen, and N. G. Bircher, “Quality of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences outcome after prehospital cardiac arrest,” Resuscitation, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 195–203, Dec 1994.
[27] J. R. Smart, K. Kranz, F. Carmona, T. W. Lindner, and A. Newton, “Does real-time objective feedback and competition improve performance and quality in manikin CPR training–a prospective observational study from several European EMS,” Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, vol. 23, p. 79, Oct 2015.
[28] J. Yeung, R. Meeks, D. Edelson, F. Gao, J. Soar, and G. D. Perkins, “The use of CPR feedback/prompt devices during training and CPR performance: A systematic review,” Resuscitation, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 743–751, Jul 2009.
[29] T. Vadeboncoeur, U. Stolz, A. Panchal, A. Silver, M. Venuti, J. Tobin, G. Smith, M. Nunez, M. Karamooz, D. Spaite, and B. Bobrow, “Chest compression depth and survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,” Resuscitation, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 182 – 188, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0300957213007697
[30] L. J. Williamson, P. D. Larsen, Y. C. Tzeng, and D. C. Galletly, “Effect of automatic external defibrillator audio prompts on cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance,” Emerg Med J, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 140–143, Feb 2005.
[31] K. G. Monsieurs, M. De Regge, C. Vogels, and P. A. Calle, “Improved basic life support performance by ward nurses using the CAREvent Public Access Resuscitator (PAR) in a simulated setting,” Resuscitation, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 45–50, Oct 2005.
[32] R. A. Berg, A. B. Sanders, M. Milander, D. Tellez, P. Liu, and D. Beyda, “Efficacy of audio-prompted rate guidance in improving resuscitator performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on children,” Acad Emerg Med, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35–40, 1994.
[33] K. B. Kern, R. E. Stickney, L. Gallison, and R. E. Smith, “Metronome improves compression and ventilation rates during CPR on a manikin in a randomized trial,” Resuscitation, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 206–210, Feb 2010.
[34] K. B. Kern, A. B. Sanders, J. Raife, M. M. Milander, C. W. Otto, and G. A. Ewy, “A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. The importance of rate-directed chest compressions,” Arch. Intern. Med., vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 145–149, Jan 1992.
[35] D. Fletcher, R. Galloway, D. Chamberlain, J. Pateman, G. Bryant, and R. G. Newcombe, “Basics in advanced life support: a role for download audit and metronomes,” Resuscitation, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 127–134, Aug 2008.
[36] Koninklijke Philips N.V., “Heartstart mrx monitor/defibrillator,” 2012, accessed: 2016-03-20. [Online]. Available: http://www.ems.philips.com/Product/Mrx.aspx
[37] ZOLL Medical Corporation, “Aed plus,” 2010, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://www.zoll.com/medical-products/ automated-external-defibrillators/aed-plus/
[38] M. S. Link, D. L. Atkins, R. S. Passman, H. R. Halperin, R. A. Samson, R. D. White, M. T. Cudnik, M. D. Berg, P. J. Kudenchuk, and R. E. Kerber, “Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” Circulation, vol. 122, no. 18 Suppl 3, pp. S706–719, Nov 2010.
[39] T. D. Valenzuela, D. J. Roe, G. Nichol, L. L. Clark, D. W. Spaite, and R. G. Hardman, “Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 343, no. 17, pp. 1206–1209, Oct 2000.
[40] M. F. O’Rourke, E. Donaldson, and J. S. Geddes, “An airline cardiac arrest program,” Circulation, vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 2849–2853, 1997. [Online]. Available: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/96/9/2849
[41] R. L. Page, J. A. Joglar, R. C. Kowal, J. D. Zagrodzky, L. L. Nelson, K. Ramaswamy, S. J. Barbera, M. H. Hamdan, and D. K. McKenas, “Use of automated external defibrillators by a U.S. airline,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 343, no. 17, pp. 1210–1216, Oct 2000.
[42] M. F. Hazinski, D. Markenson, S. Neish, M. Gerardi, J. Hootman, G. Nichol, H. Taras, R. Hickey, R. O’Connor, J. Potts, E. van der Jagt, S. Berger, S. Schexnayder, A. Garson, A. Doherty, and S. Smith, “Response to cardiac arrest and selected life-threatening medical emergencies: the medical emergency response plan for schools–a statement for healthcare providers, policymakers, school administrators, and community leaders,” Ann Emerg Med, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 83–99, Jan 2004.
[43] S. L. Caffrey, P. J. Willoughby, P. E. Pepe, and L. B. Becker, “Public use of automated external defibrillators,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, no. 16, pp. 1242–1247, 2002, pMID: 12393821. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020932
[44] Statista Inc, “Statistics and facts about smartphones,” 2015, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/
[45] Statista Inc, “Facts and statistics on wearable technology,” 2015, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/topics/1556/ wearable-technology/
[46] IDC Worldwide Quarterly Wearable Device Tracker, “Worldwide smartwatch market will see modest growth in 2016 before swelling to 50 million units in 2020, according to idc,” 2015, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS41736916
[47] Google, “Google fit,” accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: https: //www.google.com/fit/
[48] G. D. Perkins, C. Augre, H. Rogers, M. Allan, and D. R. Thickett, “CPREzy: an evaluation during simulated cardiac arrest on a hospital bed,” Resuscitation, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 103–108, Jan 2005.
[49] C. Elding, P. Baskett, and A. Hughes, “The study of the effectiveness of chest compressions using the CPR-plus,” Resuscitation, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 169–173, Mar 1998.
[50] S. H. Thomas, C. K. Stone, P. E. Austin, J. A. March, and S. Brinkley, “Utilization of a pressure-sensing monitor to improve in-flight chest compressions,” Am J Emerg Med, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 155–157, Mar 1995.
[51] G. J. Noordergraaf, B. W. Drinkwaard, P. F. van Berkom, H. P. van Hemert, A. Venema, G. J. Scheffer, and A. Noordergraaf, “The quality of chest compressions by trained personnel: the effect of feedback, via the CPREzy, in a randomized controlled trial using a manikin model,” Resuscitation, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 241–252, May 2006.
[52] S. K. Beckers, M. H. Skorning, M. Fries, J. Bickenbach, S. Beuerlein, M. Derwall, R. Kuhlen, and R. Rossaint, “CPREzy improves performance of external chest compressions in simulated cardiac arrest,” Resuscitation, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 100–107, Jan 2007.
[53] A. J. Boyle, A. M. Wilson, K. Connelly, L. McGuigan, J. Wilson, and R. Whitbourn, “Improvement in timing and effectiveness of external cardiac compressions with a new non-invasive device: the CPR-Ezy,” Resuscitation, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 63–67, Jul 2002.
[54] K. Grassl, B. A. Leidel, J. Stegmaier, V. Bogner, T. Huppertz, and K. G. K. KG, “Herzdruckmassage im rahmen der laienreanimation: Einsatz eines audiovisuellen echtzeit-rückmeldesystems,” Notfall und Rettungsmedizin, vol. 12, pp. 117–122, 2009.
[55] C. N. Pozner, A. Almozlino, J. Elmer, S. Poole, D. McNamara, and D. Barash, “Cardiopulmonary resuscitation feedback improves the quality of chest compression provided by hospital health care professionals,” Am J Emerg Med, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 618–625, Jul 2011.
[56] M. Skorning, S. K. Beckers, J. C. h. Brokmann, D. Rortgen, S. Bergrath, T. Veiser, N. Heussen, and R. Rossaint, “New visual feedback device improves performance of chest compressions by professionals in simulated cardiac arrest,” Resuscitation, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 53–58, Jan 2010.
[57] J. Gruber, D. Stumpf, B. Zapletal, S. Neuhold, and H. Fischer, “Real-time feedback systems in CPR,” Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care, vol. 2, pp. 287–294, Dec 2012.
[58] Laerdal Medical, “Cprmeter2 user guide,” 2016, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://cdn.laerdal.com/downloads/f4605/cprmeter_2_user_guide__en_ _es__fr__de_
[59] S. O. Aase and H. Myklebust, “Compression depth estimation for CPR quality assessment using DSP on accelerometer signals,” IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 263–268, Mar 2002.
[60] F. Gohier, K. Dellimore, and C. Scheffer, “Development of a smart backboard system for real-time feedback during CPR chest compression on a soft back support surface,” Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol. 2013, pp. 346–349, 2013.
[61] D. M. Gonzalez-Otero, J. Ruiz, S. Ruiz de Gauna, U. Irusta, U. Ayala, and E. Alonso, “A new method for feedback on the quality of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” Biomed Res Int, vol. 2014, p. 865967, 2014.
[62] N. K. Gupta, V. Dantu, and R. Dantu, “Effective CPR Procedure With Real Time Evaluation and Feedback Using Smartphones,” IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med, vol. 2, p. 2800111, 2014.
[63] Y. Song, J. Oh, and Y. Chee, “A new chest compression depth feedback algorithm for high-quality CPR based on smartphone,” Telemed J E Health, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 36–41, Jan 2015.
[64] A. Gruenerbl, G. Pirkl, E. Monger, M. Gobbi, and P. Lukowicz, “Smart-watch life saver: Smart-watch interactive-feedback system for improving bystander cpr,” in Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ser. ISWC ’15. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015, pp. 19–26. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2802083.2802086
[65] Y. Jeong, Y. Chee, Y. Song, and K. Koo, Smartwatch App as the Chest Compression Depth Feedback Device. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 1465–1468. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19387-8_357
[66] Y. Song, Y. Chee, J. Oh, C. Ahn, and T. H. Lim, “Smartwatches as chest compression feedback devices: A feasibility study,” Resuscitation, vol. 103, pp. 20–23, Jun 2016.
[67] M. Manning, “Hands-only cpr ad council update,” 2012, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://cprblog.heart.org/hands-only-cpr-ad-council-update/
[68] L. Svensson, K. Bohm, M. Castrèn, H. Pettersson, L. Engerström, J. Herlitz, and M. Rosenqvist, “Compression-only cpr or standard cpr in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 363, no. 5, pp. 434–442, 2010, pMID: 20818864. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908991
[69] American Heart Association, “2016 hands-only cpr fact sheet,” 2016, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://cpr.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/ @wcm/@ecc/documents/downloadable/ucm_487417.pdf
[70] American Heart Association, “Hands-only cpr learn more,” 2016, accessed: 2017- 07-27. [Online]. Available: http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/Programs/ HandsOnlyCPR/UCM_475604_CPR-Learn-More.jsp
[71] Laerdal Medical, “Resusci anne® qcpr,” 2014, accessed: 2017-07- 27. [Online]. Available: http://www.laerdal.com/ca/products/simulation-training/ resuscitation-training/resusci-anne-qcpr/
[72] G. D. Perkins, J. Hulme, H. R. Shore, and J. F. Bion, “Basic life support training for health care students,” Resuscitation, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19 – 23, 1999. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300957299000374
[73] M. Liberman, A. Lavoie, D. Mulder, and J. Sampalis, “Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: errors made by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel,” Resuscitation, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 47 – 55, 1999. [Online]. Available: http: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300957299000829
[74] K. Govender, K. Sliwa, L. Wallis, and Y. Pillay, “Comparison of two training programmes on paramedic-delivered cpr performance,” Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 351–356, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://emj.bmj.com/content/33/5/351
[75] H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman, and A. L. Ford, Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics, 13th ed. 1301 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA, 94111: Addison-Wesley, 2012.
[76] Nuvoton Technology Corporation, “M0516ldn,” 2015, accessed: 2017-07- 27. [Online]. Available: http://www.nuvoton.com/hq/products/microcontrollers/ arm-cortex-m0-mcus/m051-base-series/m0516ldn/?__locale=en
[77] Analog Devices, “Adxl335,” 2015, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://www.analog.com/en/products/mems/accelerometers/adxl335.html
[78] Qualisys, “Qualisys | motion capture systems,” accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://www.qualisys.com/
[79] N. Fournier, Y. Godio-Raboutet, M. Llari, H. N. Ibouanga-Kipoutou, P.-J. Arnoux, M. Behr, and S. Boussen, “Motion analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1350 – 1353, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0735675715006075
[80] K. G. Monsieurs, J. P. Nolan, L. L. Bossaert, R. Greif, I. K. Maconochie, N. I. Nikolaou, G. D. Perkins, J. Soar, A. Truhlář, J. Wyllie, and D. A. Zideman, “European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015,” Resuscitation, vol. 95, pp. 1 – 80, 2015, european Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0300957215003500
[81] RADIAN Co.,Ltd., “Rdp,” 2017, accessed: 2017-07-27. [Online]. Available: http://www.radian.or.kr/sub02/product.php?catcode1=30&catcode2= 12&catcode3=&maker=&option_check=&searchopt=&searchkey=&prdcode= 1507100002&searchkey=&searchopt=&page=1
[82] C. Loconsole, A. Frisoli, F. Semeraro, F. Stroppa, N. Mastronicola, A. Filippeschi, and L. Marchetti, “Relive: A markerless assistant for cpr training,” IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 755–760, Oct 2016.

QR CODE