中文摘要 I Abstract II 誌謝 IV 表目錄 VII 圖目錄 VIII 第一章 緒論 1 第二章 文獻回顧 3 2-1 H. salinarum和BR 3 2-1-1 H. salinarum 3 2-1-2 BR 4 2-1-3 BR光循環 5 2-1-4 D96N 突變種BR的基本性質 7 2-2 PM固定化 10 2-3 PM曲度 13 2-4 BR光電響應 15 2-5 BR與量子點 20 第三章 實驗 23 3-1 實驗藥品 23 3-2 實驗設備 24 3-3 藥品配製與實驗流程 26 3-3-1 藥品配製 26 3-4 實驗步驟 29 3-4-1 BR濃度定量 29 3-4-2 PM的biotin修飾(參考陳逸航學長之論文) 30 3-4-3 ITO glass清洗 30 3-4-4 胺基化ITO製備 31 3-4-5 b-PM之固定化 31 3-4-6 量子點之修飾(參考鄭凱如學姐之論文) 32 3-4-6-1 胺基之量子點修飾 32 3-4-6-2 羧基之量子點修飾 32 3-4-6-3量子點於PM晶片之固定化 32 3-4-7 電場沈積法(EPS)PM晶片之製作(參考陳欣禹學長之論文) 33 3-4-8 循環伏安法分析 34 3-4-9 水滴接觸角量測 35 3-4-10 XPS樣品與分析條件 35 3-4-11 D1、D2光電訊號量測 36 3-4-12 B1、B2光電訊號量測 37 第四章 結果與討論 38 4-1 PM之非特異性吸附 38 4-1-1 造成PM非特異性吸附之原因 38 4-1-2 利用NaBH4去除活化avidin對PM之非特異性共價鍵結 39 4-1-2-1 非特異性共價鍵結對光電響應(D1、D2)之影響 39 4-1-2-2 非特異性共價鍵結對水滴接觸角影響 45 4-1-2-3 非特異性共價鍵結對循環伏安法影響 46 4-1-2-4 非特異性共價鍵結對PM晶片之AFM分析的影響 60 4-1-2-5 非特異性共價鍵結對XPS圖譜影響 73 4-2 PM理論塗覆方向性之探討 91 4-3 D96N PM晶片製備 98 4-3-1 D96N PM晶片製備條件最佳化 99 4-3-2電解液酸鹼值對D96N BR光電響應的影響 100 4-3-3 量子點結合D96N BR之光電響應探討 106 第五章 結論 133 第六章 參考文獻 135 表目錄 Table 4-1 Coating level of each coating layer on ITO glass. 90 圖目錄 Fig. 2-1 Schematic representation of a halobacterial cell and its main functional systems for phototaxis and photosynthesis. (Hampp, 2000) 3 Fig. 2-2 Structure of bacteriorhodopsin. Ribbon diagram of bacteriorhodopsin and retinal as a ball-and-stick model. (Kimura et al., 1997) 4 Fig. 2-3 Possible proton pathway in bacteriorhdopsin. (Kimura et al., 1997) 5 Fig. 2-4 Photocycle of BR. (Hampp, 2000) 6 Fig. 2-5 Sketch of the pump model of BR as it appeared around 1990. (Stoeckenius, 1999) 7 Fig. 2-6 (a) Typical response profile from a wild-type bR thin film immobilized at the SnO2/electrolyte (0.1 M KCl, pH 8.0) interface in an electrochemicall cell. The cell was irradiated with green light supplied by a 150-W xenon arc lamp. (b) Response profile at a electrochemical cell with D96N mutant protein. (Koyama and Miyasaka, 2000) 8 Fig. 2-7 (a) Response profile at a electrochemical cells with D96N mutant BR. (b) Effect of azide added to the electrolyte of the electrochemical cell containing D96N BR. (Koyama and Miyasaka, 2000) 9 Fig. 2-8 Magnitude of the light-on photocurrent (curve 1) and light-off photocurrent (curve 2) for a (PDAC/D96N)6 film with the concentration of NaN3 in 0.5 M KCl, pH 7.2 electrolyte solution. The inset shows the ratio of the magnitude of the light-on photocurrent to light-off photocurrent with the concentration of NaN3. (He et al., 1998). 9 Fig. 2-9 Setup for the fabrication of oriented PM films by the electric field sedimentation method. Due to the net negative charge of the PM, the PM fragments will move and attach to the cathode to form a dense PM film. (He et al., 1999) 10 Fig. 2-10 Schematic diagram of the PDAC/PM LBL adsorption. As shown, a layer of the polycation, PDAC, is first adsorbed onto the pretreated negatively charged surface of the solid support. Subsequently, a monolayer of the polyanion, bR, is electrostatically adsorbed onto the PDAC layer by control of the adsorption time and pH. APDAC/PM multilayer can be easily obtained by the LBL method by repeating the above procedure. (He et al., 1999) 11 Fig. 2-11 Schematic diagram of solid-supported vesicles that integrate bacteriorhodopsin conjugates as lipid bilayer membrane anchors. (Sharma et al., 2004) 12 Fig. 2-12 Streptavidin bound to biotin, thereby labeling both the EC and CP surfaces of normal PM via K129 and K159, respectively. Since K129 is more exposed to a hydrophilic bulk phase, the EC surface of PM contained many more streptavidin molecules than the CP surface. (A) Flat surface of biotinylated PM patches before streptavidin incubation. (B) 30 min after streptavidin injection into the liquid cell. (Su et al., 2008) 12 Fig. 2-13 The pH dependence of the permanent dipole moment per unit surface area. pH was adjusted by HCl/KOH system (—) or by low ionic strength buffer (---); OD575nm＝4 at pH＝6.6; crosses (x) denote the values for higher dilution, OD575nm＝0.3 in HCl/KOH system. (Barabas et al., 1983) 14 Fig. 2-14 Scheme of bending of PM at different pHs. (Mostafa et al., 1996) 14 Fig. 2-15 Formation of collapsed and dome-like PM structures.(A) Bent PM-D85T may approach the substrate surface either from the convex side apex first (left column: PM 1) or from the con-cave side rim first (right column: PM 2). (B) In both cases strong surface interactions which antagonize the bending arise, pulling the membranes down onto the substrate surface (arrows). (C) However, in the case of PM 1 membranes are pulled onto the substrate surface from the apex outward resulting in flat and collapsed structures. In the case of PM 2 the rim flatly adsorbs to the substrate, but water trapped inside prevents further collapse causing dome-like structures. (Baumann et al., 2011) 15 Fig. 2-16 Temperature and pH effects on the photocurrent from a bacteriorhodopsin model membrane. The light source was a dye laser pulse at 590 nm. The two electrolyte subphases contained 2 M NaCl. (Hong and Montal, 1979) 16 Fig. 2-17 Schematic decomposition of a typical photocurrent response of a bacteriorhodopsin model membrane at room temperature and neutral pH. (Hong and Montal, 1979) 17 Fig. 2-18 Photocurrent components from an oriented bR film at various time scales at two typical pHs. The measurements were carried out underidentical conditions of 10 mM KCl and 1 mM K2HPO4at pH 8.3 for upper curves and pH 3.5 for lower curves, respectively. (a) Fast photocurrent components (B1 and B2) observed under pulsed laser excitation. (b) Slow photocurrent components (B3 and B3’) observed under pulsed laser excitation. (c) Differential photocurrent component (D1 and D2) observed under CW excitation. (Wang et al., 1997) 18 Fig. 2-19 Membraneorientation effect on the photocurrent components. The measurements were carried out under identical conditions of 10 mM KCl and 1 mM K2HPO4 at pH 8.3 for upper curves and pH 3.5 for lower curves, respectively. (a)B1 and B2 components. (b) B3 and B3’ components. (c) D1 and D2 components. Two types of membrane orientation were used and noted as ITO/EC-CP (extracellular side facing the ITO surface) for the upper curves and ITO/CP -EC (cytoplasmic side facing the ITO surface) for the lower curves. (Wang et al., 1997) 18 Fig. 2-20 Photocurrent signal under pulsed-laser excitation, in the time domain of 500 μs. Various film orientation on ITO glass are shown, ITO EC-CP (a) , ITO Random (b), and ITO CP-EC (c). B1 B2 are useful in determining membrane orientation. Measuring condition: 10 mM KCl, 2 mM K2HPO4, pH 8.0. Membrane orientations are also shown in the right side for each. (Wang, 2000) 19 Fig. 2-21 Normalized bR absorption and 575 nm QD emission, displaying spectral overlap. (Griep et al., 2010) 20 Fig. 2-22 (a) Emission spectra confirming attachment of single QD monolayer to the biotinylated PM electrode, while non-biotinylated PM resulted in no QD attachment. (b) bR electrode activation with and without integrated QD monolayer. Inset displays spectrum of incident white-light source. (Griep et al., 2010) 21 Fig. 2-23 Color onlineTime profile of the photocurrent of the bR/QD bionanosystem under 410 nm illumination. Insets show photocurrents of bR/QDs bionanosystem under 570 nm illumination (I) and pure bR under 410 nm illumination (II), respectively. (Li et al., 2007) 22 Fig. 3-1 Experimental procedure. 29 Fig. 3-2 The EPS procedure for preparation of a PM-coated chip. 34 Fig. 3-3 Scheme of the equipment setup for the measurements of D1 and D2 photocurrent signals. 36 Fig. 3-4 Scheme of the equipment setup for the measurements of B1 and B2 photocurrent signals. 37 Fig. 4-1 Fabrication scheme of a PM chip 38 Fig. 4-2 Photoelectric response of an unmodified PM chip coated on activated avidin ITO glass. Electrolyte: pH = 8.5. Suspension pH=4.5. 39 Fig. 4-3 Effects of PM suspension pHs on photocurrent density of PM and b-PM chips. +/- NaBH4 presents the b-PM-coated chips treated with and without NaBH4, respectively, after the activated avidin coating. Data represent the averages of three chips. 41 Fig. 4-4 Effects of PM suspension pHs on photocurrent density of b-PM- ITO chips. +/- NaBH4 presents the b-PM-coated chips treated with and without NaBH4, respectively, after the activated avidin coating. Data represent the averages of three chips. 41 Fig. 4-5 Electrolyte pH effects on the peak photocurrents density of b-PM (pH 4.5) chips coated on activated avidin (-NaBH4) ITO glass. Green columns represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-on signals. Red columns represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-off signals. Data represent the averages of three chips. 42 Fig. 4-6 Electrolyte pH effects on the photocurrents density of b-PM (pH 4.5) chips coated on activated avidin (-NaBH4) ITO glass. The values represent the averages of the total photocurrents density (the Xenon light-on signals minus the light-off signals) of three chips. 42 Fig. 4-7 Electrolytes pH effects on the peak photocurrents density of b-PM (pH 7) chips coated on activated avidin (-NaBH4) ITO glass. Green columns represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-on signals. Red columns represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-off signals. Data represent the averages of three chips. 43 Fig. 4-8 Electrolytes pH effects on the photocurrents density of b-PM (pH 7)chips coated on activated avidin (-NaBH4) ITO glass. The values represent the averages of the total photocurrents density(the Xenon light-on signals minus the light-off signals) of three chips. 43 Fig. 4-9 Photoelectric response of a Native b-PM chip coated on activated avidin (-NaBH4) ITO glass. Electrolyte: pH = 7.5. PM was suspend (a) pH 4.5, (b) pH 7. 44 Fig. 4-10 Contact angles of various chip surfaces. Data represent the averages of nine chips. 46 Fig. 4-11 Cyclic voltammograms of different coating layer on same scan rate, 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6 in 0.2 M KCl was used as the electrolyte. 48 Fig. 4-12 Cyclic voltammograms of (a) ITO, (b) SAM-NH2-modified ITO, (c) activated avidin chip, -NaBH4 (d) activated avidin chip, +NaBH4, (e) PM pH 4.5 chip, -NaBH4, (f) PM pH 4.5 chip, +NaBH4, (g) PM pH 7 chip, -NaBH4, (h) PM pH 7 chip, +NaBH4. 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6 in 0.2 M KCl was used as the electrolyte. 52 Fig. 4-13 Fitting of cyclic voltammograms by Randles-Sevcik equation in oxidation reaction. (a) ITO, (b) SAM-NH2-modified ITO, (c) activated avidin chip, -NaBH4, (d) activated avidin chip, +NaBH4, (e) PM pH 4.5 chip, -NaBH4, (f) PM pH 4.5 chip, +NaBH4, (g) PM pH 7 chip, -NaBH4, (h) PM pH 7 chip, +NaBH4. 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6 in 0.2 M KCl was used as the electrolyte. 55 Fig. 4-14 Fitting of cyclic voltammograms by Randles-Sevcik equation in reduction reaction. (a) ITO, (b) SAM-NH2-modified ITO, (c) activated avidin chip, -NaBH4, (d) activated avidin chip, +NaBH4, (e) PM pH 4.5 chip, -NaBH4, (f) PM pH 4.5 chip, +NaBH4, (g) PM pH 7 chip, -NaBH4, (h) PM pH 7 chip, +NaBH4. 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6 in 0.2 M KCl was used as the electrolyte. 58 Fig. 4-15 Diffusivities of ferrocyanide ion in the oxidation reaction of various chip surfaces. 59 Fig. 4-16 Diffusivities of ferrocyanide ion in the reduction reaction of various chip surfaces. 59 Fig. 4-17 AFM image of ITO glass. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 62 Fig. 4-18 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 63 Fig. 4-19 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2/activated avidin, -NaBH4. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 65 Fig. 4-20 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2/activated avidin, +NaBH4. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 66 Fig. 4-21 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2/activated avidin, -NaBH4/pH 4.5 b-PM. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 68 Fig. 4-22 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2/activated avidin, +NaBH4/pH 4.5 b-PM. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 69 Fig. 4-23 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2/activated avidin, -NaBH4/pH 7 b-PM. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 71 Fig. 4-24 AFM image of ITO glass/SAM-NH2/activated avidin, +NaBH4/pH 7 b-PM. ITO購自承能公司，0.7 mm。 72 Fig. 4-25 XPS full spectra of different coating layers on ITO. PM was coated with either pHs 4.5 or 7 unsalted suspension buffer, and +/- NaBH4 present the b-PM-coated chips treated with and without NaBH4, respectively, after the activated avidin coating. 73 Fig. 4-26 XPS analyses of various fabricated ITO glass. (a) C, (b) N, (c) O, (d) Sn, (e) In atoms. 78 Fig. 4-27 XPS analyses of different PM-coated ITO. (a) C, (b) N, (c) O, (d) Sn, (e) In; Scan time: = 10. Activated avidin coated on ITO +/- NaBH4 (1, 2). PM was coated with either pH 4.5 (5, 6) or pH 7 (3, 4), and either –NaBH4 (4, 6) or +NaBH4 (3, 5), after the activated avidin coating. 81 Fig. 4-28 Carbon 1s XPS deconvolution spectra of (a) ITO, (b) SAM-NH2-modified ITO, (c) activated avidin chip, -NaBH4, (d) activated avidin chip, +NaBH4, (e) b-PM pH 4.5 chip, -NaBH4, (f) b-PM pH 4.5 chip, +NaBH4, (g) b-PM pH 7 chip, -NaBH4, (h) b-PM pH 7 chip, +NaBH4. 85 Fig. 4-29 Oxygen 1s XPS deconvolution spectra of (a) ITO, (b) SAM-NH2-modified ITO, (c) activated avidin chip, -NaBH4, (d) activated avidin chip, +NaBH4, (e) b-PM pH 4.5 chip, -NaBH4, (f) b-PM pH 4.5 chip, +NaBH4, (g) b-PM pH 7 chip, -NaBH4, (h) b-PM pH 7 chip, +NaBH4. 89 Fig. 4-30 B1 and B2 pulse photoelectric responses of b-PM chips preared with pH 4.5 or pH 7 suspension buffer, and on activated avidin ITO treated with (+) or without (-) NaBH4, (a) b-PM pH 4.5 chip, -NaBH4, (b) b-PM pH 7 chip, -NaBH4, (c) b-PM pH 4.5 chip, +NaBH4, (d) b-PM pH 7 chip, +NaBH4. 94 Fig. 4-31 Effect of PM suspension pH on D1 photoelectric responses of b-PM chips prepared on activated avidin ITO treated with NaBH4. (a) +NaBH4, (b) –NaBH4. 95 Fig. 4-32 Effect of PM suspension pH on B1 and B2 pulse photoelectric responses of b-PM chips prepared on activated avidin ITO treated with NaBH4. (a) Overlapped and (b) parallel arrangements of the responses. 96 Fig. 4-33 Effect of PM biotinylation on B1 and B2 pulse photoelectric responses of PM chips prepared with either pH 4.5 or pH 7 suspension buffers. 97 Fig. 4-34 B1 and B2 pulse photoelectric responses of PM chips prepared by with either pH 4.5 (a) or pH 7 (b) suspension buffer, (a) ITO/EC-CP, (b) ITO/CP-EC. 97 Fig. 4-35 Photoelectric response of an D96N PM chip coated on activated avidin ITO glass. Electrolyte: pH = 8.5. 98 Fig. 4-36 Effects of PM suspension pH on photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chips. +/- salt present the suspension buffers containing and without 1 mM NaCl, respectively. Data represent the averages of three chips. 99 Fig. 4-37 Electrolyte pH effects on the peak photocurrents density of b-D96N PM (pH 4) chips coated on activated avidin ITO glass. Green columns represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-on signals. Red columns represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-off signals. Data represent the averages of three chips 102 Fig. 4-38 Electrolyte pH effects on the photocurrents density of b-D96N PM (pH 4) chips coated on activated avidin ITO glass. The values represent the averages of the total photocurrents density(the Xenon light-on signals minus the light-off signals) of three chips. 102 Fig. 4-39 Electrolyte pH effects on the decay ratio of the second light-on response to the first light-on response of the b-D96N PM chip prepared on activated avidin ITO. Data represent the averages of three chips. 103 Fig. 4-40 Electrolyte pH effects on the photocurrent ratio of the first light-on to light-off responses of the b-D96N PM chip prepared on activated avidin ITO. Data represent the averages of three chips. 103 Fig. 4-41 Effect of NaN3 addition on photoelectric response of a b-D96N PM chip coated on activated avidin ITO glass. Electrolyte: pH = 8.5, ±10 mM NaN3. 104 Fig. 4-42 Effects of NaN3 concentration in the electrolyte on the peak photocurrents density of b-D96N PM (pH 4) chips prepared on activated avidin ITO. Black symbol represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-on signals. Red symbol represent the photocurrent density of Xenon light-off signals. Data represent the averages of three chips. 104 Fig. 4-43 Effects of NaN3 concentration in the electrolyte on the photocurrents density of b-D96N PM (pH 4) chips prepared on activated avidin ITO. The values represent the averages of the total photocurrents density (the Xenon light-on signals minus the light-off signals) of three chips. 105 Fig. 4-44 Effects of NaN3 concentration in the electrolyte on the decay ratio of the Second light-on response to the first light-on response of the b-D96N PM-coated on activated avidin ITO glass. Electrolyte：pH=8.5. Data represent the averages of three chips. 105 Fig. 4-45 Effects of NaN3 concentration in the electrolyte on the photocurrent ratio of the first light-on to light-off responses of the b-D96N PM-coated on activated avidin ITO glass. Electrolyte：pH=8.5. Data represent the averages of three chips. 106 Fig. 4-46 Step photocurrents density of ITO glass in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 108 Fig. 4-47 Step photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 109 Fig. 4-48 Step photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 110 Fig. 4-49 Step photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 111 Fig. 4-50 Step photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 112 Fig. 4-51 Step photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 113 Fig. 4-52 Step photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 114 Fig. 4-53 Continuous photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 115 Fig. 4-54 Continuous photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 116 Fig. 4-55 Continuous photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 117 Fig. 4-56 Continuous photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 118 Fig. 4-57 Step photocurrent density of D96N b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 119 Fig. 4-58 Step photocurrent density of Native b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 119 Fig. 4-59 Continuous photocurrent density of D96N b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 120 Fig. 4-60 Continuous photocurrent density of Native b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-COOH) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 120 Fig. 4-61 Step photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 121 Fig. 4-62 Step photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 122 Fig. 4-63 Step photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 123 Fig. 4-64 Step photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 124 Fig. 4-65 Continuous photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 125 Fig. 4-66 Continuous photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 150 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 126 Fig. 4-67 Continuous photocurrents density of D96N b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 127 Fig. 4-68 Continuous photocurrents density of Native b-PM chip coated with 1500 ppm QD (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values under (a) green-light and (b) blue-light illuminations. 128 Fig. 4-69 Step photocurrent density of D96N b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 129 Fig. 4-70 Step photocurrent density of Native b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 129 Fig. 4-71 Continuous photocurrent density of D96N b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 130 Fig. 4-72 Continuous photocurrent density of Native b-PM chip coated with different concentrations of QDs (-NH2) in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 130 Fig. 4-73 QDs concentration effects on step photocurrent density of D96N b-PM chips coated with different functional group of QDs in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 131 Fig. 4-74 QDs concentration effects on step photocurrent density of Native b-PM chips coated with different functional group of QDs in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 131 Fig. 4-75 QDs concentration effects on continuous photocurrent density of D96N b-PM chips coated with different functional group of QDs in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 132 Fig. 4-76 QDs concentration effects on continuous photocurrent density of Native b-PM chips coated with different functional group of QDs in the electrolytes at different pH values and under different light-source illuminations. 132