研究生: |
陳亭伊 Ting-I Chen |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
公務人員考試英文試題之字彙量研究 Research on Vocabulary Size of the English Subject in Civil Service Examinations |
指導教授: |
王世平
Shih-Ping Wang |
口試委員: |
李思穎
Sy-Ying Lee 劉宇挺 Yeu-Ting Liu |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人文社會學院 - 應用外語系 Department of Applied Foreign Languages |
論文出版年: | 2015 |
畢業學年度: | 103 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 220 |
中文關鍵詞: | Range 、字彙表 、字彙量 、BNC |
外文關鍵詞: | Range, wordlists, coverage, BNC |
相關次數: | 點閱:290 下載:1 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
在台灣有許多人渴望考取公務人員,投入公務員考試的人數一直居高不下,雖然有許多以語料庫當作工具的研究,卻很少研究主題在關注在公務人員的考試上,因此本研究目的在於分析從2007到2013年之間,公務人員考試的英文試題,研究出現在試題當中的高頻率單字,以及字彙的涵蓋率。並以Wordsmith為工具,製作出字彙表和找出高頻率單字,再以Range作分析的工具,統計出單字的字彙量,進而和BNC作比較。本研究主要建立了兩個語料庫,第一個是高普考,另一個是地方特考,從這兩個主要的語料庫,可以得出8個字彙表,以及互相重複的字彙,最後再和BNC做比較時就可以得知他們的字彙量。研究結果顯示出高普考和地方特考的字彙覆蓋率為77%。從結果可以得知公務人員考試的等級是依據難度而向上提升的。
Civil service examinations have been attracting more and more attention due to the increasing number of test-takers in Taiwan. As there are many corpus-based studies on textbooks and academic fields, few studies have focus on civil service examinations. This study aims to examine the most frequently used words in civil service examinations (2007-2013) in Taiwan and the vocabulary coverage. Wordsmith was implemented to create wordlists and to explore the most frequently used words. The analytical tool, Range was used to make comparisons of the vocabulary coverage with BNC. In order to make comparisons, two major corpora were constructed, including (1) Civil Service Level 3 (高普考), (2) Civil Service Special Examination of 3 levels (地方特考). The results firstly provide 8 different wordlists based on frequency, the overlapping rate and words between the two main corpora and the vocabulary coverage between civil service examinations compared with BNC. Results show that the overlapping rates between Civil Service Level 3 and Civil Service Special Examination of 3 Levels word lists are 55.7%. Lastly, the vocabulary coverage of Civil Service Examinations are presented and compared. It's found that the levels of each civil service examinations are consistent accordance with the designed level by the Ministry of Examinations.
Anderson, Richard C. & Freebody, Peter. & Illinois Univ., Urbana. Center for the Study of Reading. & Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA. (1979). Vocabulary Knowledge. Technical Report No. 136. [Washington, D.C.] : Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse, http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED177480
Anderson, R. C., & Freebody, P. (1981). Vocabulary knowledge. In J. Guthrie (ed.), Comprehension and Teaching: Research Reviews (pp. 77-117). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
Anderson, R. C., & Freebody, P. (1983). Reading comprehension and the assessment and acquisition of word knowledge. In B. Hutson (Ed.), Advances in reading/language research: A research annual (pp. 231-256).Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Adolphs, S., & Schmitt, N. (2003). Lexical coverage of spoken discourse. Applied Linguistics, 24(4), 425-438.
Alderson, J. C., & Huhta, A. (2005). The development of a suite of computer-based diagnosis tests based on the Common European Framework. Language Testing, 22(3), 301.
Alderson, J. C., (2005). Diagnosing foreign language proficiency: The interface between learning and assessment. London: Continuum.
Bernhardt, E. B., & Kamil, M. L. (1995). Interpreting relationships between L1 and L2 reading: Consolidating the linguistic threshold and the linguistic interdependence hypotheses. Applied Linguistics, 16(2), 15-34.
Bonk, W. (2000). Second language lexical knowledge and listening comprehension.
International Journal of Listening, 14(1), 14-31.
Biemiller, A., & Slonim, N.(2001). Estimating root word vocabulary growth in normative and advantaged populations: Evidence for a common sequence of vocabulary acquisition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(3), 498-520.
Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26(4), 413-437.
Corson, D.J.(1995). Using English words. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
D'Anna, C.A., Zechmeister, E.B., & Hall, J.W. (1991). Toward a meaningful definition of vocabulary size. Journal of Reading Behavior, 23(1), 109-122.
Davies, M.(2005). The advantage of using relational databases for large corpora: Speed, advanced queries, and unlimited annotation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics.10(3), 307-334.
Davies, M. (2008). The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990-present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/
Davies, M. (2010). The Corpus of Historical American English: 400 million words, 1810-2009. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/
Davies, M. (2010). The Corpus of Contemporary American English as the First Reliable Monitor Corpus of English. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 25(4), 447-65.
Freebody, P., & Anderson, R. C. (1983). Effects on text comprehension of different proportions and locations of difficult vocabulary. Journal of Reading Behavior, 15(3), 19-39.
Faerch, C., Haastrup, K., & Phillipson, R. (1984). Learner Language and Language Learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Goulden, R., Nation, I.S.P. and Read, J. (1990). How large can a receptive vocabulary be? Applied Linguistics, 11(4), 341-363.
Hu, M. and Nation, I.S.P. (2000). Unknown vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 13(1), 403-430.
Hirsh, D. and Nation, I.S.P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language,
8(2), 689-696.
Horst, M., Cobb, T., & Meara, P. (1998). Beyond A Clockwork Orange: Acquiring second language vocabulary through reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11(2), 207-223.
Henriksen, B. (1999). Three dimensions of vocabulary development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2), 303-317.
Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for comprehension? In Special Language: From Humans Thinking To Thinking Machines ,eds. Ch. Lauren and M. Nordman. Multilingual Matters. pp. 316-323.
Laufer, B. (1992). How much lexis is necessary for reading comprehension? In
Vocabulary and Applied Linguistics, eds. H. Bejoint and P. Arnaud. Macmillan. pp.126-132.
Laufer, B., & Goldstein, Z. (2004). Testing vocabulary knowledge: size, strength, and computer adaptiveness. Language Learning, 54(3), 399-436.
Laufer, B., Elder, C., Hill, K., & Congdon, P. (2004). Size and strength: do we need both to measure vocabulary knowledge? Language Testing, 21(2), 202-226.
Mezynski, K. (1983). Issues concerning the acquisition of knowledge: Effects of vocabulary training on reading comprehension. Review of Educational Research, 53(2), 253-279.
Milton, J. (2009). Measuring Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Nation, I.S.P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.
Nation, I.S.P. (1993). Using dictionaries to estimate vocabulary size: essential, but rarely followed, procedures. Language Testing, 10(1), 27-40.
Nation, I.S.P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nation, I.S.P. (2001). How many high frequency words are there in English? In M. Gill, A.W. Johnson, L.M. Koski, R.D. Sell and B. Wårvik (eds.) Language, Learning and Literature: Studies Presented to Håkan Ringbom English Department Publications 4, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo: 167-181
Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59-82.
Nation, I.S.P. & Webb, S. (2011). Researching and Analyzing Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle Cengage Learning. ISBN 10: 1-111-07118-7
Nation, I.S.P. and Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9-13.
Nation, I. S. P. (2012). Range. Retrieved May 24, 2014, from http:www.victoria.ac.nzlalsaboutstaffpaul-nation
Nagy, William E. (1988). Teaching Vocabulary to Improve Reading Comprehension. (ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills.)
Nagy, William. (n.d.). Promoting Students’ Vocabulary Growth – an Overview. [online website] Available: myhome.spu.edu/wnagy/promoting_students.htm
Pearson, P. D., & Gallagher, M. (1983). The instruction of reading comprehension. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(3), 317-344.
Palmberg, R. (1987). Patterns of vocabulary development in foreign language learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 9(3), 201-220.
Pigada, M., & Schmitt, N. (2006). Vocabulary acquisition from extensive reading: A case study. Reading in a Foreign Language, 18(1), 1-28.
Pennebaker, J. W. (2011). The secret life of pronouns: What our words say about us. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
Qian, D. D. (1999). Assessing the roles of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge in reading comprehension. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 56(2), 282-308.
Qian, D. D. (2002). Investigating the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and academic reading performance: An assessment perspective. Language Learning, 52(3), 513-536.
Richards, J. C. (1976). The role of vocabulary teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 10(1), 77-89.
Ringbom, H. (1987). The role of first language in foreign language acquisition.
Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Saragi, T., Nation, I.S.P. and Meister, G.F. (1978). Vocabulary learning and reading. System, 6(2), 72-78.
Stahl, S., & Fairbanks, M. (1986). The effects of vocabulary instruction: A model-based meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 56(1), 72-110.
Schmitt, N. (2008). Instructed second language vocabulary learning. Language
Teaching Research, 12(3), 329-363.
Stæhr, L. S. (2009). Vocabulary knowledge and advanced listening comprehension in English as a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31(4), 577-607.
Schmitt, N. (2010). Researching Vocabulary: A Vocabulary Research Manual. Palgrave Macmillan.
Schmitt, N., Jiang, X. and Grabe, W., (2010). The percentage of words known in a text and reading comprehension. Modern Language Journal, 95(1), 26-43
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error on psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1), 25-29.
Thorndike, E. L. (1924). The vocabularies of school pupils. In J. Carelton Bell (ed.) Contributions to Education. New York: World Book Co.
The British National Corpus, version 3 (BNC XML Edition). 2007. Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium. URL: http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/
Ulijn, J. M., & Strother J. B., (1990). The effect of syntactic simplification on reading EST texts as L1 and L2. Journal of Research in Reading, 13(1), 38-54.
Webb, S. & Rodgers, M. P. H. (2009a). The lexical coverage of movies. Applied Linguistics, 30(3), 407-427.
Webb, S. & Rodgers, M. P. H. (2009b). Vocabulary demands of television programs.
Language Learning, 59(2), 335-366.
Wilkins, David A. (1972). Linguistics in Language Teaching. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Waring, R. and Nation, I.S.P. (1997) .Vocabulary size, text coverage, and word lists. In Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy N. Schmitt and M. McCarthy (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 6-19.
Waring, R., & Takaki, M. (2003). At what rate do learners learn and retain new vocabulary from reading a graded reader? Reading in a Foreign Language, 15(2), 1-27.