可持續性住宅模組化設計應用在發展中的東加勒比海地區–聖基茨和尼維斯

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研究生：	羅寇特 Kurt A. Pollock
論文名稱：	可持續性住宅模組化設計應用在發展中的東加勒比海地區–聖基茨和尼維斯 Modular Sustainable Housing Design in Developing Eastern Caribbean Region – Saint Kitts and Nevis
指導教授：	蔡欣君 Shin-Jyun Tsaih
口試委員:	蔡欣君 Shin-Jyun Tsaih 郭英釗 Ying-Chao Kuo 施宣光 Shen-Guan Shi
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	設計學院 - 建築系 Department of Architecture
論文出版年：	2020
畢業學年度：	108
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	152
中文關鍵詞：	可持續性、住宅、模組化、東加勒比海、聖基茨、尼維斯、草莓、建築資訊模型、拆卸和適應性設計、氣候變化、住宅
外文關鍵詞：	Caribbean, Saint Kitts, Nevis, Strawberry, USGBC, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, BD+C, Building Design and Construction, CSA, Canadian Standards Association, DfD/A, Design for Disassembly and Adaptability
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氣候變化是事實，並影響到當前和迫在眉睫的環境問題的建築設計。諸如USGBC LEED建築設計和建造以及CSA Z782-06標準-拆卸和適應性設計之類的可持續性和適應性設計準則通常用於處理環境問題。聯合國認為，對於小島嶼發展中國家來說，海上航行和缺乏自然資源是住房安全面臨的兩個最嚴重威脅。因此，提出了模塊化的可持續性設計，以解決這些局部和區域性環境問題以及上述可持續性和適應性設計準則。由於聖基茨和尼維斯聯邦是一個SIDS國家，並且制定了經濟適用房計劃，因此研究了其國家住房公司的住宅設計“草莓”，並將其用作該研究的原型。然後，對草莓住房的成分特性進行徹底觀察，並對其進行改進以改進設計，並以量化的替代解決方案作為擬議的住房模型。本研究中使用了建築信息模型（BIM）。幾種計算和模擬，例如雨水管理保護或恢復棲息地，減少戶外用水，可再生能源生產優化能源績效，和敏感的土地保護都是針對原型和擬議的住房模型進行的。使用參考的可持續性和適應性設計指南對幾組計算和模擬的結果進行了比較和分析。結論是，根據這些國際可持續標準，在幾乎所有類別中，擬議的可持續模塊化設計均明顯優於草莓住宅設計。通過比較研究，有理由建議，可持續發展標準適用於選定的環境，並在必要時被採用作為可量化的可持續發展的手段，以用於聖基茨和尼維斯聯邦隨後的住宅項目。希望通過採用模塊化可持續住房設計方法，它將減少住房保障問題並改善人們的生活質量。

Climate change is the fact and has impact on architectural design for current and impending environmental issues. Sustainable and adaptive design guidelines such as USGBC LEED Building Design and Construction and CSA Z782-06 Standard - Design for Disassembly and Adaptability are often used to deal with the environmental issues. According to United Nations, sea rising and lack of natural resources are the two most encounter housing security threats for the Small Island Developing States countries. Hence, modular sustainable design is proposed to solve these local and reginal environmental issues along with the aforementioned sustainable and adaptive design guidelines.
As the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is a SIDS country and has affordable housing program, its National Housing Corporation’s residential design known as the ‘Strawberry’ is studied and used as the prototype of this research. Strawberry housing’s compositional properties are then thoroughly observed and adapted to improve upon the design and derive at a quantified alternative solution as a proposed housing model. Building Information Models (BIMs) are used in this study. Several calculations and simulations such as for Rainwater Management, Protect or Restore Habitats, Outdoor Water Use Reduction, Renewable Energy Production, Optimize Energy Performance, and Sensitive Land Protection are conducted for both prototype and proposed housing models. The results of several sets of calculations and simulations are compared and analyzed with the referenced sustainable and adaptive design guidelines. It is concluded that based on these international sustainable standards, the proposed Sustainable Modular Design outperforms the Strawberry housing design significantly in almost every category.
Through this comparative study, it is reasonable to suggest that the sustainable standards are applicable for the chosen context and be adopted as a means for quantifiable sustainable development where necessary for subsequent residential projects in the federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is to hope that by applying the modular sustainable housing design method, it will reduce the housing security issues and improve the quality of life of the people.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................ 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................. 7
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................ 10
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................... 12
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................... 16
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 19
1.1 Background ................................................................ 19
1.2 Scope of Research ......................................................... 20
1.3 Research Questions ........................................................ 21
1.4 Research Objectives ....................................................... 23
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................... 25
2.1 Guideline for Sustainable Building Design and Construction ................ 25
2.2 Guideline for Disassembly and Adaptability in Buildings ................... 26
2.3 Study of Precedents........................................................ 27
2.3.1 Strawberry Design ....................................................... 27
2.3.2 Modular Sustainable Residential Designs ................................. 30
2.4 Saint Kitts and Nevis Data ................................................ 34
2.4.1 Development Guidelines for Apartment Building Proposals ................. 34
2.4.2 Saint Kitts and Nevis Land Use Planning ................................. 34
2.4.3 Saint Kitts and Nevis Climate ........................................... 38
2.5 Simulation Settings ....................................................... 39
2.5.1 Solar Analysis .......................................................... 39
2.5.2 Heating and Cooling ..................................................... 39
2.5.3 BIMs Material Properties ................................................ 39
CHAPTER 3 METHOD .............................................................. 40
3.1 Research Methodology ...................................................... 40
3.2 Site ...................................................................... 42
3.3 Building Information Model and Parameters ................................. 44
3.3.1 Strawberry BIM .......................................................... 44
3.3.2 Sustainable Modular Alternative Design BIM .............................. 49
3.4 Analytical Energy Model ................................................... 55
CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ........................................... 56
4.1 Experiment 1: Sustainability .............................................. 56
4.1.1 Rainwater Management .................................................... 56
4.1.2 Protect or Restore Habitats ............................................. 65
4.1.3 Outdoor Water Use Reduction ............................................. 68
4.1.4 Renewable Energy Production ............................................. 71
4.1.5 Energy Performance Optimization ......................................... 75
4.1.6 Sensitive Land Protection ............................................... 79
4.2 Experiment 2: DfD/A ....................................................... 79
4.2.1 Experiment 2: Adaptability .............................................. 79
4.2.2 Experiment 2: Disassembly ............................................... 82
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDY ......................................... 96
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................ 96
5.2 Future Study .............................................................. 99
APPENDIX A: Saint Kitts Climate Data.......................................... 100
A-1 Open Weather Map ......................................................... 100
A-1-1 Rainfall Data .......................................................... 100
A-2 Climate Consultant........................................................ 101
A-2-1 Weather Data Summary ................................................... 101
A-2-2 Comfort Model .......................................................... 102
A-2-3 Criteria ............................................................... 103
A-2-4 Temperature Range ...................................................... 104
A-2-5 Monthly Diurnal Averages ............................................... 105
A-2-6 Radiation Range ........................................................ 106
A-2-7 Illumination Range ..................................................... 107
A-2-8 Sky Cover Range ........................................................ 108
A-2-9 Wind Velocity Range .................................................... 109
A-2-10 Ground Temperature .................................................... 110
A-2-11 Dry Bulb X Relative Humidity .......................................... 111
A-2-12 Dry Bulb X Dew Point .................................................. 112
A-2-13 Sun Shading Chart ..................................................... 113
A-2-14 Sun Chart ............................................................. 115
A-2-15 Time Table Plot ....................................................... 116
A-2-16 3D Chart .............................................................. 119
A-2-17 Psychrometric Chart ................................................... 121
A-2-18 Wind Wheel ............................................................ 123
A-2-19 Design Guidelines ..................................................... 124
APPENDIX B: Saint Kitts Environment .......................................... 125
B-1 Ecology .................................................................. 125
B-1-1 Ground Cover ........................................................... 125
B-1-2 Hazards ................................................................ 126
B-1-2-1 Flood Hazard Vulnerability Assessment ................................ 126
B-1-2-2 Erosion Hazard Map ................................................... 126
B-1-2-3 Inland Erosion Hazard Vulnerability Assessment ....................... 127
B-1-2-4 Volcanic Hazards ..................................................... 128
APPENDIX C: USGBC-LEED References ............................................ 129
C-1 Regional Priority Credits ................................................ 129
C-2 National Storm Water Calculator .......................................... 130
C-3 WaterSense Water Budget Tool_V1.03 ....................................... 138
APPENDIX D: Simulation Settings .............................................. 140
D-1 Energy Model Analysis..................................................... 140
D-1-1 Energy Model Settings .................................................. 140
D-1-2 Whole Building Simulation .............................................. 143
D-2 Autodesk Revit Solar Analysis ............................................ 144
D-2-1 Solar Radiation Analysis ............................................... 144
D-2-2 Solar Study ............................................................ 145
D-3 Autodesk Revit Heating and Cooling ....................................... 146
D-3-1 Loads Settings.......................................................... 146
D-4 Autodesk Revit Material Properties ....................................... 147
D-4-1 Thermal Properties ..................................................... 147
D-4-2 Physical Properties .................................................... 148
LIST OF REFERENCES ........................................................... 149
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................... 151
                                

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