近年來許多研究學者投入無線感測網路領域，其應用為環境監控，目標追蹤，戰場監視…等。因感測節點的電量、儲存空間與處理能力是有限的，充電也不容易，因此學者提出諸多方法使得每個節點能夠負載平衡，減少能源消耗，自我協調路由表，達到延長網路生存時間且能正確地把資料收集到基地台。本研究將針對叢集式架構做改進，提出DDPCA（Data Distributed Priority Clustering Algorithm）演算法，其設計核心著重於平均分配能源消耗，以各個感測節點與其鄰居節點個數及與其鄰居節點之間的距離求排序，然後根據優先權順序來當叢集首（Cluster Head , CH），而叢集範圍會依據叢集首與基地台的距離及叢集首的電量大小作動態調整，叢集首與叢集首之間傳輸利用資料分散方式，並採用多點跳躍（Multi-hop）技術來轉送至基地台。此演算法針對先前學者所提出的路由演算法進行效能上的改善，減少傳輸之間的距離，使得消耗能量能夠均勻分配，如此一來達到更加的節能效果，延長網路生存時間，並提高能源的使用效率。

In recent years, many researchers have been devoted to the study of wireless sensor networks, which is applied to environmental monitoring, target tracking, battlefield surveillance, etc. Sensor nodes are strictly constrained by limited energy resource, storage, processing capability, and difficult recharge. Therefore, with load-balance and energy consumption reduction, many new algorithms have been proposed for prolonging the network lifetime and forwarding data accurately to the base station in wireless sensor networks. In this thesis, we propose a data distributed priority clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks considering each sensor node’s distance, residual energy, and density distribution to average distribution of energy consumption. For each sensor node, the base station will take the number of its neighbors and the distances to its neighbors into account for calculating its priority to be a cluster head. The cluster range will be dynamically adjusted based on the residual energy of cluster heads and the distances between the base station and cluster heads. In addition, this algorithm can reduce the transmission distance and distributed data evenly in transmission to the base station in order to further reduce energy consumption, prolong the network lifetime, and enhance energy usage.

[1] NCKU CSIE Advanced Data System Laboratory Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction. http://dblab.csie.ncku.edu.tw/sensor/
[2] Kahn, Joseph M., Randy H. Katz, and Kristofer SJ Pister. "Next century challenges: mobile networking for “Smart Dust”." Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 1999, page 271–78.
[3] Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci. “A Survey on Sensor Networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, Aug. 2002, page 102-114.
[4] Al-Karaki, Jamal N., and Ahmed E. Kamal. "Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey." Wireless communications, IEEE 11.6 (2004): 6-28.
[5] Heinzelman, Wendi Rabiner, Joanna Kulik, and Hari Balakrishnan. "Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks." Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 1999.
[6] Intanagonwiwat, Chalermek, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin. "Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks." Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 2000.
[7] Braginsky, David, and Deborah Estrin. "Rumor routing algorthim for sensor networks." Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications. ACM, 2002.
[8] Schurgers, Curt, and Mani B. Srivastava. "Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks." Military Communications Conference, 2001. MILCOM 2001. Communications for Network-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force. IEEE. Vol. 1. IEEE, 2001.
[9] Ye, Fan, et al. "A scalable solution to minimum cost forwarding in large sensor networks." Computer Communications and Networks, 2001. Proceedings. Tenth International Conference on. IEEE, 2001.
[10] Chu, Maurice, Horst Haussecker, and Feng Zhao. "Scalable information-driven sensor querying and routing for ad hoc heterogeneous sensor networks." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 16.3 (2002): 293-313.
[11] Yao, Yong, and Johannes Gehrke. "The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks." ACM Sigmod Record 31.3 (2002): 9-18.
[12] Sadagopan, Narayanan, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, and Ahmed Helmy. "The ACQUIRE mechanism for efficient querying in sensor networks." Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, 2003. Proceedings of the First IEEE. 2003 IEEE International Workshop on. IEEE, 2003.
[13] Shah, Rahul C., and Jan M. Rabaey. "Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks." Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2002. WCNC2002. 2002 IEEE. Vol. 1. IEEE, 2002.
[14] Heinzelman, Wendi Rabiner, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan. "Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks." System Sciences, 2000. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2000.
[15] Manjeshwar, Arati, and Dharma P. Agrawal. "TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks." IPDPS. Vol. 1. Page 189, 2001.
[16] Manjeshwar, Arati, and Dharma P. Agrawal. "APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks." ipdps. Vol. 2. Page 48, 2002.
[17] Lindsey, Stephanie, and Cauligi S. Raghavendra. "PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems." Aerospace conference proceedings, 2002. IEEE. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2002.
[18] Rodoplu, Volkan, and Teresa H. Meng. "Minimum energy mobile wireless networks." Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on 17.8 (1999): 1333-1344.
[19] Li, Li, and Joseph Y. Halpern. "Minimum-energy mobile wireless networks revisited." Communications, 2001. ICC 2001. IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 1. IEEE, 2001.
[20] Subramanian, Lakshminarayanan, and Randy H. Katz. "An architecture for building self-configurable systems." Mobile and Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, 2000. MobiHOC. 2000 First Annual Workshop on. IEEE, 2000.
[21] Li, Qun, Javed Aslam, and Daniela Rus. "Hierarchical power-aware routing in sensor networks." Proceedings of the DIMACS workshop on pervasive networking. 2001.
[22] Al-Karaki, Jamal N., Raza Ul-Mustafa, and Ahmed E. Kamal. "Data aggregation in wireless sensor networks-exact and approximate algorithms." High Performance Switching and Routing, 2004. HPSR. 2004 Workshop on. IEEE, 2004.
[23] Fang, Qing, Feng Zhao, and Leonidas Guibas. "Lightweight sensing and communication protocols for target enumeration and aggregation." Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing. ACM, 2003.
[24] Luo, Haiyun, et al. "TTDD: two-tier data dissemination in large-scale wireless sensor networks." Wireless Networks 11.1-2 (2005): 161-175.
[25] Xu, Ya, John Heidemann, and Deborah Estrin. "Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing." Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 2001.
[26] Yu, Yan, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin. Geographical and energy aware routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. Technical report ucla/csd-tr-01-0023, UCLA Computer Science Department, 2001.
[27] Chen, Benjie, et al. "Span: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks." Wireless networks 8.5 (2002): 481-494.
[28] Takagi, Hideaki, and Leonard Kleinrock. "Optimal transmission ranges for randomly distributed packet radio terminals." Communications, IEEE Transactions on 32.3 (1984): 246-257.
[29] Stojmenovic, I., and Xu Lin. "GEDIR: Loop-free location based routing in wireless networks." Proc. IASTED Int. Conf. on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems. 1999.
[30] Kuhn, Fabian, Rogert Wattenhofer, and Aaron Zollinger. "Worst-case optimal and average-case efficient geometric ad-hoc routing." Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing. ACM, 2003.
[31] Sohrabi, Katayoun, et al. "Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network." IEEE personal communications 7.5 (2000): 16-27.
[32] Demirkol, Ilker, Cem Ersoy, and Fatih Alagoz. "MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey." Communications Magazine, IEEE 44.4 (2006): 115-121.
[33] Muruganathan, Siva D., et al. "A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." Communications Magazine, IEEE 43.3 (2005): S8-13.
[34] Ghiasi, Soheil, et al. "Optimal energy aware clustering in sensor networks." Sensors 2.7 (2002): 258-269.
[35] Shen, Hong. "Finding the k most vital edges with respect to minimum spanning tree." Acta Informatica 36.5 (1999): 405-424.
[36] Younis, Ossama, and Sonia Fahmy. "HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks." Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on 3.4 (2004): 366-379.
[37] Ding, Ping, JoAnne Holliday, and Aslihan Celik. "Distributed energy-efficient hierarchical clustering for wireless sensor networks." Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. 322-339.
[38] Qing, Li, Qingxin Zhu, and Mingwen Wang. "Design of a distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks." Computer communications 29.12 (2006): 2230-2237.
[39] Chen, Guihai, et al. "An unequal cluster-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks." Wireless Networks 15.2 (2009): 193-207.
[40] Liao, Ying, Huan Qi, and Weiqun Li. "Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm With Distributed Self-Organization for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors Journal, IEEE 13.5 (2013): 1498-1506.
[41] Anastasi, Giuseppe, et al. "Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey." Ad Hoc Networks 7.3 (2009): 537-568.
[42] Liu, Xuxun. "A survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks." Sensors 12.8 (2012): 11113-11153.
[43] Heinzelman, Wendi B., Anantha P. Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan. "An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks." Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on 1.4 (2002): 660-670.