以咖啡渣為原料製造固體酸觸媒催化甲醇與油酸之酯化反應

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研究生：	劉信誠 Hsin-Chen Liu
論文名稱：	以咖啡渣為原料製造固體酸觸媒催化甲醇與油酸之酯化反應 A study on solid acid catalyst derived from spent coffee ground for esterification of oleic acid and methanol
指導教授：	朱義旭 Yi-Hsu Ju
口試委員:	朱義旭 Yi-Hsu Ju Suryadi Ismadji Suryadi Ismadji Tran Nguyen Phuong Lan Tran Nguyen Phuong Lan Alchris Woo Go Alchris Woo Go Shella Permatasari Santoso Shella Permatasari Santoso
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2019
畢業學年度：	107
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	96
中文關鍵詞：	生質柴油、生物質、咖啡渣、固體酸觸媒、酯化反應
外文關鍵詞：	Biodiesel, Biomass, Spent coffee ground, solid acid catalyst, esterification
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上一筆

咖啡渣經由熱解與磺化步驟製備碳基固體酸觸媒。利用油酸及甲醇的酯化反應結果分析觸媒的活性。近似分析、SEM、BET、FTIR以及酸度來分析觸媒的特性。最適化製程條件(熱解條件: 400 ℃, 2 h及磺化條件: 100 ℃, 1 h)所製備的觸媒，擁有高的總酸密度(4.22 mmol H+g-1)及磺酸密度(3.36 mmol H+g-1)。經由最適化的酯化反應條件(80 ℃, 7 h, 觸媒量10 wt.%, 甲醇/油酸莫爾比10:1)，得到最高的油酸轉化率(90.65 wt.%)。經過觸媒特性分析的結果，熱解及磺化的程序成功的將咖啡渣改質成碳基固體酸觸媒。最適化觸媒在重複使用率測試中，油酸的轉化率從91.24下降到26.4 wt.%.

Carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived from the spent coffee ground (SCG) was prepared using partial carbonization and sulfonation. The esterification of oleic acid and methanol was used to analyze the activity of the catalyst. Proximate analysis, SEM, BET, FTIR, and acidity analysis were used for the characteristics of the catalyst. The catalyst with the highest total acid density (4.22 mmol H+g-1) and sulfonic acid density (3.36 mmol H+g-1) was produced at the optimum carbonization condition (400 ℃, 2 h) and sulfonation condition (100 ℃, 1 h). The highest oleic acid conversion (90.65 wt.%) was reached at the optimum esterification condition (80 ℃, 7 h, 10 wt.% catalyst loading, MeOH /oleic acid molar ratio of 10:1). Characterization results show the SCG was successfully modified by carbonization and sulfonation. In addition, the conversion of oleic acid decreased from 91.24 - 26.41 wt.% during the reusability test.

Abstract-vi
Table of content-vii
List of figures-x
List of tables-xii
Chapter 1..........................................................1
Introduction-1
1.1 Background of the study........................................1
1.1.1 Biodiesel background.........................................1
1.1.2 Catalyst background..........................................2
1.1.3 Biomass derived catalyst background..........................3
1.1.4 Coffee background............................................5
1.2 Objectives of the study........................................7
Chapter 2..........................................................8
Literatures review.................................................8
2.1 The future of biodiesel........................................8
2.2 Biomass-based catalyst........................................13
2.2.1 Motivation to study biomass-based catalyst..................14
2.2.2 The characteristic of biomass-based catalyst................20
2.3 Carbonization.................................................22
2.3.1 The effect of temperature for biochar.......................23
2.3.2 Different types of pyrolysis operating condition............25
2.3.3 The application of biochar used on the catalyst.............26
2.4 Sulfonation...................................................27
2.5 Carbon-based solid acid catalyst for esterification...........28
2.6 Spent coffee ground application...............................30
2.6.1 The background of spent coffee ground.......................30
2.6.2 The characteristic of spent coffee ground...................33
2.6.3 The application of SCG......................................35

Chapter 3.........................................................37
Materials and methodology.........................................37
3.1 Materials.....................................................37
3.2 Synthesis of carbon-based acid catalyst.......................38
3.3 Characterization of SCG catalyst..............................40
3.3.1 Lipid content...............................................40
3.3.2 Proximate analysis..........................................41
3.3.3 FTIR........................................................42
3.3.4 BET.........................................................43
3.3.5 SEM.........................................................43
3.3.6 Acid Density................................................43
3.4 Catalytic performance.........................................45
3.4.1 Esterification..............................................45
3.4.2 Reusability test............................................46
3.4.3 Gas chromatography analysis.................................48
Chapter 4.........................................................49
Results and discussion............................................49
4.1 Lipid content and proximate analysis..........................49
4.2 Effect of carbonization.......................................50
4.3 Effect of sulfonation.........................................52
4.4 Catalyst characterization.....................................56
4.4.1 FTIR........................................................56
4.4.2 SEM.........................................................59
4.4.3 BET.........................................................62
4.4.4 Acid density................................................63
4.5 Results of esterification reaction............................64
4.5.1 Effect of temperature.......................................64
4.5.2 Effect of reactant molar ratio..............................66
4.5.3 Effect of the catalyst loading..............................68
4.5.4 Effect of reaction time.....................................69
4.6 Reusability test..............................................70
Chapter 5.........................................................72
Conclusion........................................................72
References........................................................73
Appendix..........................................................86
 
List of figures
Figure 1.1.1 Number of articles published on SCG according to Scopus database. (last accessed 27/06/2019, document search: spent coffee ground)..5
Figure 2.1.1 Main process step in the production of biodiesel.....11
Figure 2.2.1.1 The process of catalyst production ................15
Figure 2.3.1 Summary representation of biomass sources............22
Figure 2.5.1 The mechanism of esterification of oleic acid and methanol...29
Figure 2.6.1 Global coffee production between 2014 and 2018 obtained from the International Coffee Organization.................................30
Figure 2.6.2 The effect of coffee production and SCG impact the environment (Bio-bean, 2019) ......................................................32
Figure 2.6.3 The application of spent coffee ground............................................................35
Figure 3.2.1 The flow chart of the methodology of preparation catalyst....39
Figure 3.4.1 Flowchart of esterification process..................47
Figure 4.2.1 Biochar yield at different temperature of furnace....50
Figure 4.2.2 Different carbonization temperature of catalyst......51
Figure 4.3.1 Different sulfonation temperature for 1 h............52
Figure 4.3.2 Different sulfonation temperature for 5 h............52
Figure 4.3.3 Different sulfonation temperature for 10 h...........53
Figure 4.3.4 Pareto chart of sulfonation temperature for different sulfonation time (1, 5, 10 h) .....................................................54
Figure 4.3.5 Pareto chart of sulfonation time for different sulfonation temperature (50,100,150 ℃) ..................................................54
Figure 4.4.1.1  FTIR figure of SCG and carbonized SCG at 400 ℃ for 2 h is called P400, s50(1), s100(1), and s150(1) ...............................56
Figure 4.4.2.1 SEM (x10000 and 9500) figure of (a) SCG, (b) carbonized SCG at
400 ℃ (c) s50(1), (d) s100(1), and (e) s150(1) ..................59
Figure 4.4.2.2 SEM (x2000) figure of (f) s50(1), (g) s100(1), and (h) s150(1) ...60
Figure 4.4.2.3 EDX analysis of SCG, P400, s50(1), s100(1), and s150(1) ..........61
Figure 4.5.1.1 Esterification reaction at different temperature..................65
Figure 4.5.2.1 Esterification reaction at different molar ratio of methanol and oleic acid .......................................................66
Figure 4.5.3.1 Esterification reaction at different catalyst loading.............68
Figure 4.5.4.1 Esterification reaction at different reaction time................69
Figure 4.6.1 Reusability of the s100(1) catalyst..........................................................70
Figure 4.6.2 FTIR figure of s100(1) and reused catalyst from cycle 4.................................................................71
Figure appendix 1 The calibration curve of methyl oleate............................................................86
Figure appendix 2 The calibration curve of oleic acid..............................................................86

List of tables
Table 2.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production..........................................13
Table 2.2.2 Biomass-derived solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production........................................................19
Table 2.3.2 Operating conditions for different types of pyrolysis.........................................................25
Table 2.5.1 Biomass-derived carbon-based solid acid catalyst for biodiesel product...........................................................28
Table 4.1.1 Lipid content and results of proximate analysis of spent coffee ground..49
Table 4.4.1.1 FTIR characterization of SCG, P400, and catalyst..........................................................58
Table 4.3.3.1 Structure characterizations of biochar, fresh catalyst............62
Table 4.4.4.1 Total acid density and sulfonic acid density of fresh and reused catalysts.........................................................63

                                

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