近年來，由於無線網路技術的發展，許多學者投入無線感測網路（Wireless Sensor Network）的研究。無線感測網路的應用主要是利用感測節點蒐集所需資訊，並將資訊回傳給使用者。因為使用範圍是人不容易靠近的地方，所以感測節點的設計上有許多限制，其中最重要的一點就是能量是有限的。因為能量有限，研究學者提出許多方式來減少感測節點的能源消耗與平衡節點的負載量，以增加網路的使用壽命。本論文主要以叢集式路由為基礎，提出無線感測網路輔助成員能量平衡叢集法（Energy-Balanced Clustering method with Auxiliary Members , EBCAM），其主要目的是透過平衡感測範圍內的節點耗能，平均化死亡節點分布狀況，避免節點傳輸過程中因傳輸距離增加而消耗過多的能量。此外，我們使用剩餘能量以及叢集內平均節點耗能來挑選叢集首（Cluster Head, CH），在資料傳輸過程用運用多跳（Multi hop）的方式進行傳輸，並根據傳輸的負載狀況來調整叢集的傳輸半徑。最後再透過叢集內部的輔助節點，根據叢集首的狀況來調整傳輸路線，減輕其負擔。本研究透過實驗模擬與相關演算法進行比較，並根據結果進行分析。結果顯示在網路的使用回合數以及平均消耗能量上效果優於其他演算法。

In recent years, due to the development of wireless network technology, many researchers have devoted to the study of wireless sensor networks（WSN）. The applications of wireless sensor network mainly use the sensor nodes to collect the required information, and send the information back to the users. Since the sensed area is difficult to reach, there are many restrictions on the design of the sensor nodes, where the most important restriction is that the energy of sensor nodes is limited. Because of the limited energy, researchers proposed a number of ways to reduce energy consumption and balance the load of sensor nodes in order to increase the network lifetime. In this thesis, we proposed the Energy-Balanced Clustering method with Auxiliary Members On Wireless Sensor Networks （EBCAM）based on the cluster routing. The main purpose is to balance the energy consumption on the sensed area and average the distribution of dead nodes in order to avoid excessive energy consumption because of the increasing in transmission distance.
In addition, we use the residual energy and average energy consumption of the nodes within the cluster to choose the cluster heads（CH）, use the multi hop transmission method to deliver the data, and dynamically adjust the transmission radius according to the load conditions. Finally, we use the auxiliary cluster members to change the delivering path according to the residual energy of the cluster head in order to its load. In this study, we compare the proposed method with the related algorithms via simulated experiments and then analyze the results. It reveals that the proposed method is better than the other algorithms in the numbers of used rounds and the average energy consumption.

[1] A. A. Abbasi and M. Younis, “ A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks, ’’ Computer Communications, Vol. 30, No. 14-15, pp. 2826–2841, 2007.
[2] M. M. Afsar and M. Tayarani-N, “ Clustering in sensor networks: A literature survey,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Vol. 46, pp. 198-226, 2014.
[3] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “ A Survey on Sensor Networks, ’’ Communications Magazine, IEEE, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 102-114, 2002.
[4] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “ Wireless sensor networks: a survey, ’’ Computer Networks, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 393-422, 2002.
[5] J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, “ Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey, ’’ Wireless communications, IEEE , Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 6-28, 2004.
[6] J. N Al-Karaki, R. Mustafa, and A. E. Kamal, “ Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks Exact and Approximate Algorithms, ” In Proc. IEEE Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing. IEEE, Phoenix, pp. 241-245, 2004.
[7] L. Almazaydeh, E. Abdelfattah, M. Al-Bzoor, and A. Al-Rahayfeh, “ Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks, ” Computer Science and Information Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 64-73 , 2010.
[8] G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. D. Francesco, and A. Passarella, ” Energy conservation in wireless sensor network: A survey,” Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 537-568 , 2009.
[9] H. Bagci and A. Yazici, “ An energy aware fuzzy approach to unequal clustering in wireless sensor networks,” Applied Soft Computing, Vol. 13,No. 4, pp. 1741-1749, 2013.
[10] D. Chen and P. Varshney, “ On-demand Geographic Forwarding for Data Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks, ” Computer Communications, Vol. 30, No. 14-15, pp. 2954-2967, 2007.
[11] W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “ An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks, ” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 660-670, 2002.
[12] W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “ Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks, ’’ In Proc. 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, pp. 4-7, 2000.
[13] W. R. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan, “ Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks, ’’ In Proc. 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, USA, pp. 174-185,1999.
[14] X. Hu, J. Luo, Z. Xia, and M. Hu, “ Adaptive algorithm of cluster head in wireless sensor network based on LEACH, ” IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks （ICCSN）, pp. 14-18, 2011.
[15] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, “Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, ’’ In Proc. 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, USA, pp. 56-67, 2000.
[16] J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, and K. S. J. Pister, “ Next century challenges: mobile networking for “Smart Dust”, ’’ In Proc. 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, USA, pp. 271–78, 1999.
[17] B. Leong, B. Liskov, and R. Morris, “ Geographic Routing Without Planarization, ” In Proc. 3rd Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, CA, Vol. 3, pp. 25-39, 2006.
[18] C. Li, M. Ye, G. Chen, and J. Wu, “ An Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks, ” In Proc. 2th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems （MASS 2005）, pp. 597-604, 2005.
[19] Y. Liao, H. Qi, and W. Li, “ Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm With Distributed Self-Organization for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors Journal, IEEE, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 1498-1506, 2013.
[20] X. Liu, “ A survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” Sensors ,Vol. 12,No. 8, pp. 11113-11153, 2012.
[21] J. Lotf, M. Bonab, and S. Khorsandi, “ A Novel Cluster-based Routing Protocol with Extending Lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks,” In Proc. 5th IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks （WOCN08）, East Java Indonesia, pp. 1-5, 2008.
[22] C. H. Lung and C. Zhou, “ Using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Energy-efficient and Flexible Approach, “ Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 328-344, 2010.
[23] A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “ Teen: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks, ” In Proc. 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium （IPDPS’01） Workshops, USA, pp. 2009-2015, 2001.
[24] J. Newsome and D. Song, “ GEM: Graph EMbedding for Routing and Data-centric Storage in Sensor Networks Without Geographic Information, ” In Proc. 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, USA, pp. 76-88, 2003.
[25] N. A. Pantazis, S. A. Nikolidakis, and D. D. Vergados, “Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey, ’’ Communications Surveys & Tutorials. IEEE, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 551-591, 2013.
[26] N. Sadagopan, B. Krishnamachari, and A. Helmy, “ The ACQUIRE mechanism for efficient querying in sensor networks, ’’ In Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications. IEEE, pp. 149-155, 2003.
[27] C. Schurgers and M. B. Srivastava, “ Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks, ’’ Military Communications Conference, 2001. MILCOM 2001. Communications for Network-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force. IEEE , Vol. 1, pp. 357-361, 2001.
[28] T. P. Sharma, R.C. Joshi, and M. Misra, “ GBDD: Grid Based Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks, ” In Proc. 16th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications （ADCOM 2008）, pp. 234-240, 2008.
[29] D. W. Xu and J. Gao, “ Comparison study to hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” 3rd International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology （ESIAT 2011）, Vol. 10, pp. 595-600, 2011.
[30] O. Younis and S. Fahmy, “ HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks, ” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 366-379, 2004.
[31] Y. Yu, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, “ Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, ” UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report, pp. 1-11, 2001.
[32] F. Yu, Y. Li, F. Fang, and Q. Chen, “ A New TORA-Based Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, ’’ In Proc. 3rd IEEE/IFIP International Conference in Central Asia on Internet （ICI）, Tashkent, pp. 1-4, 2007.
[33] Y. Yuan, Z. He, and M. Chen, “ Virtual MIMO-based Cross-layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks, ” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 856-864, 2006.
[34] J. Yuea, W. Zhang, W. Xiao, D. Tang, and J. Tang, “ Energy efficient and balanced cluster-based data aggregation algorithm for wireless sensor networks,” Procedia Engineering , Vol. 29, pp. 2009-2015, 2012.
[35] M. Zimmerling, W. Dargie, and J.M. Reason, “ Energy-Efficient Routing in Linear Wireless Sensor Networks, ” In Proc. 4th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems （MASS 2007）, Italy, pp. 1-3, 2007.