簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 譚廉咸
Harry Hermawan
論文名稱： 超音波檢測技術在檢測水泥漿體凝結與硬固過程之應用
Application of ultrasonic-based nondestructive testing methods on monitoring the setting and hardening process of cement paste
指導教授： 張大鵬
Ta-Peng Chang
口試委員: 黃然
Ran Huang
孫詠明
Yu-Ming Sun
陳君弢
Chun-Tao Chen
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工程學院 - 營建工程系
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering
論文出版年： 2018
畢業學年度： 106
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 186
中文關鍵詞： 初終凝 、超音波反射 、超音波波傳 、剪力波 、縱波 、水泥漿體
外文關鍵詞： setting time, ultrasonic wave reflection, ultrasonic wave transmission, shear wave, longitudinal wave, cement paste
相關次數： 點閱：305  下載：1 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  •  上一筆

    • 水泥漿體凝結及硬固過程為使用在現場混凝土之一項重要性質，能影響模版拆除時間與費用以及其他相關作業，以傳統維卡針(Vicat needle)方式量測凝結時間已發現有許多不便之處，例如人工操作、費時、數據起伏、無法重現及無連續性，為減輕這些問題，本研究發展兩種超音波非破壞性檢測方法：超音波反射法(ultrasonic wave reflection method, UWRM)及超音波傳遞法(ultrasonic wave transmission method, UWTM)，用來檢測水泥漿體之剛硬化過程，兩種方法均監控穿透入漿體或在兩種不同介質間反射之踨向波(longitudinal wave, P-wave)及剪力波(shear wave, S-wave)之波形訊號，這些訊號經由快速傅利葉轉換(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT)及短時傅利葉轉換(Short-time Fourier Transform, STFT)完整分析，於本研究中，以三種水灰比(water-to-cement ratio)0.3、0.4及0.5製作水泥漿試體。
    試驗結果顯示，兩種方法均能可靠地估算水泥漿凝結時間及如彈性模數與波生比等工程性質之演化過程。此試驗定義之水泥漿體終凝時間，為經由漿體及空氣界面反射之第一個反射P波波到時間計算而得，相較於傳統水泥漿凝結時間試驗法，試驗結果之一致性達95.62 %。然而，水泥漿體之初凝時間受頻譜中雜訊干擾，仍無法被明確定義。另一方面，本試驗以壓克力板作為水泥漿與訊號接受器間之緩衝材，接收從漿體之回傳反射訊號，反射波 S 波較比P波易於量測。反射波S波波形之振福最低點定義為水泥漿之終凝時間，相較於傳統水泥漿凝結試驗法，終凝時間之誤差低於6 %。試驗結果顯示，反射波P波與終凝時間較無明顯之關聯性，相較於傳統水泥漿凝結試驗法，終凝時間之誤差達到21.30 %。
    此外，水泥漿硬固後於試體齡期 1 及 28 天，縱波波速與剪力波波速比值分別為1.62與1.67，波生比數值分別為0.19與0.25。硬固水泥漿試體之抗壓強度與內部超音波傳遞波速呈現指數關係，反射波P波與S波之決定系數 (R2) 分別為0.878與0.910。當增加水泥漿之水灰比，使水泥於新拌期間之水化反應減緩，進而降低水泥漿於硬固後之抗壓強度，同時有降低超音波於試體內部傳遞波速之效果。

    The setting and hardening process of cement paste are considered as an important property for the application of concrete in the field, which can affect the time and cost during the framework removal and the other related works. The conventional setting time measurement by the means of Vicat needle is found having many disadvantages such as manually operated, time consuming, fluctuating data, irreproducible, and non-continuous. To mitigate these problems, the new method to observe the stiffening process of cement paste is developed using two ultrasonic-based nondestructive methods: the ultrasonic wave reflection method (UWRM) and the ultrasonic wave transmission method (UWTM). Both techniques are based on monitoring the waveform signals of longitudinal wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave) that either travel through the paste or reflect at the interface between two different media. The signals were analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) comprehensively. The cement paste mixes were prepared with three different water-to-cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5.
    The experimental results indicated that both techniques could estimate the setting time of cement paste and the evolutions of engineering properties like modulus elasticity and Poisson’s ratio credibly. The final setting time of cement paste was determined by the arrival time of the first reflected waveform based on the P-wave reflection from the boundary of paste and air, which has the compatibility of more than 95.62% as compared with that from the traditional setting time measurement. However, the initial setting time could not be defined due to the waveform still being remained in the regime of noise spectrum. In the other hand, by using the acrylic plate as buffer material to reflect the waveform signal from the paste, the S-wave reflection provides the better measurement than that of the P-wave reflection. The minimum point of amplitude in the S-waveform reflection response exhibited the occurrence of final setting time with the difference in value less than 6% as compared with that of the traditional setting time measurement. Nevertheless, the P-waveform reflection response did not demonstrate the reliable result related with final setting time showing the difference in value up to 21.30% as compared with that of the traditional setting time measurement.
    Moreover, the ratio of longitudinal wave velocity to shear wave velocity for the hardened cement paste at ages from 1 to 28 days was found in the range of 1.621.67 which equivalent to the Poisson’s ratio about 0.190.25. The correlation between compressive strength and ultrasonic wave velocity shows the exponential relationship with the coefficient of determination values of 0.878 and 0.910 for P-wave and S-wave, respectively. Both strength and ultrasonic velocity of hardened cement paste decreased with the increase of water content due to the slow hydration reaction.

    摘要 iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements v Contents vii List of Tables xi List of Figures xii List of Symbols and Abbreviations xx Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives and scope of the research 3 1.3 Thesis outline 3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Rheology of cement paste 6 2.1.1 Ordinary Portland cement 6 2.1.2 Stiffening of cement paste 7 2.1.3 Determination of setting time 8 2.2 Introduction of ultrasound 9 2.3 Wave propagation concepts 10 2.3.1 Fundamental wave in mediums 10 2.3.2 Stress waves 11 2.3.3 Reflection and transmission of elastic wave 12 2.3.4 Law of refraction 14 2.3.5 Attenuation 15 2.4 Signal Processing 16 2.4.1 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 16 2.4.2 Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) 17 2.5 Development of ultrasonic wave reflection applications 18 2.6 Development of ultrasonic wave transmission applications 21 Chapter 3 Experimental Program 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Material and mix proportions 32 3.2.1 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 32 3.2.2 Mixture proportions 32 3.2.3 Mixing procedure 32 3.3 Ultrasonic wave reflection method (UWRM) 33 3.3.1 Instrumentation 33 3.3.2 Experimental procedure 36 3.4 Ultrasonic wave transmission method (UWTM) 37 3.4.1 Instrumentation 37 3.4.2 Experimental procedure 38 3.5 Vicat needle test 39 3.6 Resonant Frequency and Damping Analysis (RFDA) 39 3.7 Compressive strength 41 3.8 Signal Processing 42 3.8.1 Introduction 42 3.8.2 Selection of base material 43 3.8.3 Digital signal processing methodology 43 Chapter 4 Results and Discussions 55 4.1 Setting time 55 4.2 Ultrasonic wave reflection method (UWRM) – Direct method 56 4.2.1 Preliminary studies 56 4.2.2 Time domain signals 60 4.2.3 Development of Short-time Fourier Transform 62 4.2.4 Development of Fast Fourier Transform 62 4.2.5 Discussions 65 4.3 Ultrasonic wave reflection method (UWRM) – Indirect method 66 4.3.1 Preliminary studies 66 4.3.2 Application on S-wave 69 4.3.2.1 Time domain signals 69 4.3.2.2 Development of Short-time Fourier Transform 70 4.3.2.3 Development of Fast Fourier Transform 71 4.3.3 Application on P-wave 74 4.3.3.1 Time domain signals 74 4.3.3.2 Development of Short-time Fourier Transform 76 4.3.3.3 Development of Fast Fourier Transform 76 4.3.4 Discussions 80 4.4 Ultrasonic wave transmission method (UWTM) 82 4.4.1 Effect of travel path lengths 82 4.4.2 Monitoring the evolution of UPV at early age 83 4.4.3 Monitoring the evolutions of Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus at early age 86 4.4.4 Development of UPV at later age 87 4.4.5 Developments of Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus at later age 88 4.4.6 Correlation between compressive strength and UPV on hardened pastes 88 4.4.7 Acoustic impedance development of hardened pastes 89 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions 151 5.1 Conclusions 151 5.2 Suggestions 154 References 155

    1. Neville, A. M. and J. J. Brooks. (2010). Concrete Technology. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.
    2. Popovics, S. (1982). Fundamentals of Portland Cement Concrete: A Quantitative Approach, Vol. 1: Fresh Concrete. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    3. Lempriere, B. M. (2002). Ultrasound and Elastic Waves. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    4. Kapadia, A. (2011). Non-destructive testing of composite material [online]. Available from: https://avaloncsl.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/ncn-best-
    practice-ndt.pdf [Accessed on May 20, 2018]. National Composites Network.
    5. Kuttruff, H. (1991). Ultrasonics Fundamentals and Applications. England, UK: Chapman & Hall.
    6. Voigt, T. (2005). The Application of an Ultrasonic Shear Wave Reflection Method for Nondestructive Testing of Cement-Based Materials at Early Ages: An Experimental and Numerical Analysis. PhD Thesis, University of Leipzig, Germany.
    7. Kan, C.-W. (2009). An Evaluation on Setting Properties of Fresh Cement Pastes with Ultrasonic Reflection Technique. Master Thesis, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
    8. Muhammad, A. (2011). Numerical Study on Reflected Ultrasonic Response at Interface Layer with Various Voids in CRFP-Concrete Structures. Master Thesis, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
    9. Krautkrämer, J. and K. Herbet. (1977). Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Second Edition. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
    10. Kočiš, Š. (1996). Ultrasonic Measurements and Technologies. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
    11. Landis, E. N. and S. P. Shah. Frequency-dependent stress wave attenuation in cement-based materials. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 1995;121(6):737-743.
    12. Nawab, S. H. and T. F. Quatieri. Shorttime Fourier transform. In Lim, J. S. and Alan V. Oppenheim (1988), Advanced Topics in Signal Processing, pp. 289-337. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
    13. Öztürk, T., O. Kroggel, P. Grübl and J. S. Popovics. Improved ultrasonic wave reflection technique to monitor the setting of cement-based materials. NDT&E International 2006;39:258-63.
    14. Chung, C.-W, P. Suraneni, J. S. Popovics and J. S. Leslie. Using ultrasonic wave reflection to monitor false set of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites 2017;84:10-18.
    15. Trtnik, G., I. V. Marko and T. Goran. Measurement of setting process of cement pastes using non-destructive ultrasonic shear wave reflection technique. NDT&E International 2013;56:65-75.
    16. Akkaya, Y., T. Voigt, K. V. Subramaniam and S. P. Shah. Nondestructive measurement of concrete strength gain by an ultrasonic wave reflection method. Materials and Structures 2003;36:507-14.
    17. Trtnik, G., I. V. Marko, K. Franci and T. Goran. Comparison between two ultrasonic methods in their ability to monitor the setting process of cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 2009;39:876-82.
    18. Yim, H. J., J. H. Kim and S. P. Shah. Ultrasonic monitoring of the setting of cement-based materials: Frequency dependence. Construction Building Materials 2014;65:518-25.
    19. Subramaniam, K. V., J. Lee and B. J. Christensen. Monitoring the setting behavior of cementitious materials using one-sided ultrasonic measurements. Cement and Concrete Research 2005;35:850-57.
    20. Ozturk, T., J. Rapoport, J. S. Popovics and S. H. Shah. Monitoring the setting and hardening of cement-based materials with ultrasound. Concrete Science and Engineering 1999;1:83-91.
    21. Chung, C.-W., P. Suraneni, J. S. Popovics, L. J. Struble and W. J. Weiss. Application of ultrasonic P-wave reflection to measure development of early-age cement-paste properties. Materials and Structures 2013;46:987-97.
    22. Voigt, T., T. Malonn and S. P. Shah. Green and early age compressive strength of extruded cement mortar monitored with compression tests and ultrasonic techniques. Cement and Concrete Research 2006;36:858-67.
    23. Suraneni, P., L. J. Struble, J. S. Popovics, M. ASCE and C.-W. Chung. Set Time Measurements of Self-Compacting Pastes and Concretes Using Ultrasonic Wave Reflection. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2015;27(1).
    24. Lotfi, H., A. Moudden and B. Faiz. Processing of Reflection Coefficient of Signals Backscattered by Mortar Using an Ultrasonic Technique. American Journal of Signal Processing 2013;3(2):17-24.
    25. Kim, J. H., S. P. Shah, Z. Sun and H. G. Kwak. Ultrasonic Wave Reflection and Resonant Frequency Measurements for Monitoring Early-Age Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2009;21(9):476-83.
    26. Sun, Z. Monitoring the early-age properties of cementitious materials with ultrasonic wave reflection method at macro- and micro-structural levels (Doctoral dissertation). Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. 2005.
    27. Suraneni, P. Ultrasonic wave reflection measurements on self-compacting pastes and concrete (Master Thesis). University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 2011.
    28. Chung, C.-W. Ultrasonic wave reflection measurement on stiffening and setting of cement paste (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 2010.
    29. Zhang, Y., W. Zhang, W. She, L. Ma and W. Zhu. Ultrasound monitoring of setting and hardening process of ultra-high performance cementitious material. NDT&E International 2012;47:177-84.
    30. Zhang, S., Y. Zhang and Z. Li. Ultrasonic monitoring of setting and hardening of slag blended cement under different curing temperatures by using embedded piezoelectric transducers. Construction Building Materials 2018;159:553-60.
    31. Zhang, W., Y. Zhang, L. Liu, G. Zhang and Z. Liu. Investigation of the influence of curing temperature and silica fume content on setting and hardening process of the blended cement paste by an improved ultrasonic apparatus. Construction Building Materials 2012;33:32-40.
    32. Sun, H. and J. Shu. Monitoring Early Age Properties of Cementitious Material Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Embedded Rebar. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 2017;36:5.
    33. Kmack, R. M., E. K. Kimberly, J. J. Laurence and J.-Y. Kim. Assessment of Air Entrainment in Fresh Cement Paste Using Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing. Journal of ASTM International 2009;7:1.
    34. Liu, S., J. Zhu, S. Saamiya, C. Rachel and J. Maria. Monitoring setting and hardening process of mortar and concrete using ultrasonic shear waves. Construction Building Materials 2014;72:248-55.
    35. Caretee, J. and S. Stéphanie. Monitoring the setting process of mortars by ultrasonic P and S-wave transmission velocity measurement. Construction Building Materials 2015;94:196-208.
    36. Caretee, J. and S. Stéphanie. Monitoring the setting process of eco-binders by ultrasonic P-wave and S-wave transmission velocity measurement: Mortar vs concrete. Construction Building Materials 2016;110:32-41.
    37. Robeyst, N., E. Gruyaert, C. U. Grosse and N. D. Belie. Monitoring the setting of concrete containing blast-furnace slag by measuring the ultrasonic p-wave velocity. Cement and Concrete Research 2008;38:1169-76.
    38. Wei, S., Y. Zhang and M. R. Jones. Using the ultrasonic wave transmission method to study the setting behavior of foamed concrete. Construction Building Materials 2014;51:62-74.
    39. Robeyst, N., C. U. Grosse and N. D. Belie. Measuring the change in ultrasonic p-wave energy transmitted in fresh mortar with additives to monitor the setting. Cement and Concrete Research 2009;39:868-75.
    40. Mohamed, M. S., J. Carette, B. Delsaute and S. Staquet. Applicability of Ultrasonic Measurement on the Monitoring of the Setting of Cement Pastes: Effect of Water Content and Mineral Additions. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials 2017;6:84-99.
    41. Carette, J., C. Dumoulin, G. Karaiskos, S. Staquet and A. Deraemaeker. Monitoring of the E-modulus in early age concrete since setting time with embedded piezoelectric transducers. Proceedings of Structural Faults + Repair 2012.
    42. Boulay, C., S. Staquet, M. Azenha, A. Deraemaeker, M. Crespini, J. Carette, J. Granja, B. Delsaute, C. Dumoulin and G. Karaiskos. Monitoring early age property of cement and concrete using piezoceramic bender elements. VIII International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures 2013.
    43. Reinhardt, H. W. and C. U. Grosse. Continuous monitoring of setting and hardening of mortar and concrete. Construction Building Materials 2004;18:145-54.
    44. Bhalla, N., S. Sandeep, S. Shruti and S. Rafat. Monitoring early-age setting of silica fume concrete using wave propagation techniques. Construction Building Materials 2018;162:802-15.
    45. Trtnik, G., T. Goran, K. Franci and B. B. Violeta. Possibilities of using the ultrasonic wave transmission method to estimate initial setting time of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research 2008;38:1336-42.
    46. Zhu, J., Y.-T. Tsai and S.-H. Kee. Monitoring early age property of cement and concrete using piezoceramic bender elements. Smart Material Structure 2011;20.
    47. Zhang, J., T. Fan, H. Ma and Z. Li. Monitoring setting and hardening of concrete by active acoustic method: Effects of water-to-cement ratio and pozzolanic materials. Construction Building Materials 2015;88:118-25.
    48. Trtnik, G. and M. Gams. The use of frequency spectrum of ultrasonic P-waves to monitor the setting process of cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 2013;43:1-11.
    49. Sharma, S. and A. Mukherjee. Monitoring freshly poured concrete using ultrasonic waves guided through reinforcing bars. Cement and Concrete Composites 2015;55:337-47.
    50. Chang, T.-P., H.-C. Lin, W.-T. Chang and J.-F. Hsiao. Engineering properties of lightweight aggregate concrete assessed by stress wave propagation methods. Cement and Concrete Composites 2006;28:57-68.
    51. Piyasena, R. C., P. A. T. S. Premerathne, B. T. D Perera and S. M. A. Nanayakkara. Evaluation of Initial Setting Time of Fresh Concrete. National Engineering Conference 2013.
    52. Taylor, P. and X.-H. Wang. Comparison of Setting Time Measured Using Ultrasonic Wave Propagation With Saw-Cutting Times on Pavements in Iowa. Technical Report of National Concrete Pavement Technology Center 2014.
    53. Taylor, P. and X.-H. Wang. Comparison of Setting Time Measured Using Ultrasonic Wave Propagation With Saw-Cutting Times on Pavements. Technical Report of National Concrete Pavement Technology Center 2015.
    54. Aggelis, D. G., D. Polyzos and T. P. Philippidis. Wave dispersion and attenuation in fresh mortar: theoretical predictions vs. experimental results. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2005;53:857–83.
    55. Sayers, C. M. and A. Dahlin. Propagation of ultrasound through hydrating cement pastes at early times. Advanced Cement Based Material 1993;1:12-21.
    56. Zhu, J., S.-H. Kee, D.-Y. Han and Y.-T. Tsai. Effects of air voids on ultrasonic wave propagation in early age cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 2011;41:872-81.
    57. Desmet et al. Monitoring the early-age hydration of self-compacting concrete using ultrasonic p-wave transmission and isothermal calorimetry. Materials and Structures 2011;44:1537-58.
    58. Voigt, T., C. U. Grosse, Z. Sun, S. P. Shah and H.-W. Reinhardt. Comparison of ultrasonic wave transmission and reflection measurements with P- and S-waves on early age mortar and concrete. Materials and Structures 2005;38:729-38.
    59. Lin, S.-K, Y. Lin, K.-T. Hsu and T. Yen. Use of the normalized impact-echo spectrum to monitor the setting process of mortar. NDT&E International 2010;43:385-93.
    60. Ghoddousi, P., A. S. J. Ali, S. Jafar and Z. A. Aref. A new method to determine initial setting time of cement and concrete using plate test. Materials and Structures 2016;49:3135-42.
    61. Carette, J. and S. Stéphanie. Monitoring and modelling the early age and hardening behaviour of eco-concrete through continuous non-destructive measurements: Part I. Hydration and apparent activation energy. Cement & Concrete Composites 2016;73:10-18.
    62. Lee, C., S. Park, E. B. John and S. Pyo. Monitoring the hardening process of ultra high performance concrete using decomposed modes of guided waves. Construction Building Materials 2018;163:267-76.
    63. Rizzo, P., X. Ni, S. Nassiri and J. Vandenbossche. A Solitary Wave-Based Sensor to Monitor the Setting of Fresh Concrete. Sensors 2014;14:12568-84.
    64. Zhu J., J. N. Cao, B. Bate and K. H. Khayat. Determination of mortar setting times using shear wave velocity evolution curves measured by the bender element technique. Cement and Concrete Research 2018;106:1-11.
    65. Dona, M., M. Lombardo and G. Barone. Experimental study of wave propagation in heterogeneous materials. The Fifteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing 2015.
    66. Keskin, Ö. K., I. O. Yaman and M. Tokyay. Effects of experimental parameters in monitoring the hydration of cement mortars by ultrasonic testing. Proceedings of Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures 2013:437-42.

    QR CODE