由於多巴結構聚合物材料有奇特黏附特性，因此表面工程技術中受到關注。貽貝足蛋白含有兒茶酚基之氨基酸，即多巴（3,4-二羥基-L-苯丙氨酸），它被認為是潮濕環境中功能塗層的關鍵成分。 並可以利用多功能的catechol自合成化學反應來製造膜、表面改質膜及利用在無機和有機複合材料致被，包含貴金屬、氧化物、高分子材料、半導體、陶瓷，此外，利用貽貝化學之二次反應可用於製造各種表面塗層，例如通過接枝高分子並經分子構建塊重組的表面塗層並作為生物惰性、生物活性和防污材料應用。
在本論文中，將利用天然咖啡酸及仿貽貝化學機制結合應用在膜表面改質，我們設計了三項不同的研究來評估咖啡酸的高分子材料改質膜在環境和血細胞粘附上的應用。咖啡酸是一種在植物中發現的天然酚酸化合物。它也具有catechol基團是故也可以做反應位點，並通過自聚合之貽貝化學反應。咖啡酸之羧基因容易電離及水合，因此可以獲得更好的防污表面。
第一項研究，利用簡單的方法來製造用於水包油乳液分離和染料吸附的超潤濕咖啡酸 (CA) 聚乙烯亞胺 (PEI) 改性三聚氰胺海綿 (CA-PEI-MS)。CA-PEI-MS 表現出超親水性及水接觸角 (WCA) 接近於零，同時水下超疏油性和水下油接觸角 (UWOCA) 大於 150o。此材料油水乳液分離效率大於 97%，水通量高達 25480 Lh-1m-2bar-1。油水乳液再回收性測試中發現壓縮後的 CA-PEI-MS 經丙酮洗滌後仍具穩定性； 在 12次循環分離測試期間，通量沒有顯示任何顯著改變。每個循環的分離效率都大於97%。此外，由於海綿表面具正電荷，故 CA-PEI-MS 對帶負電荷的染料如玫瑰紅 (RB) 和直接紅 (DR) 顯示優異之吸附能力。簡而言之CA-PEI-MS 表現出高性能和優異的通量及分離效率，且製備過程成本低廉兼具環保性，故具有巨大的市場應用之潛力。
第二部分是建造超潤濕棉花基材用於廢水處理，利用咖啡酸 (CA) 和殼聚醣 (CHI) 對棉纖維 (CF) 進行表面改質。所製備的 CA-CS-CF 材料表現出超親水性（即水接觸角為~0°）和水下超疏油性（即水下油接觸角≥160°）。值得注意的是，壓縮後的 CA-CHI-CF 表現出優異的水包油乳液分離性能，即在 0.1 bar 壓力下通量高達 50,050 Lh-1m-2bar-1，分離效率 >99.9%。由於咖啡酸和殼聚醣提供的氨基、羧基和羥基的優勢，CA-CHI-CF對陽離子染料（> 99％）和重金屬離子（> 99％）表現出優異的吸附能力。為了證明我們系統的適用性，我們也進行染料與含金屬離子乳液的之基準分離實驗。發現 CA-CHI-CF 同時從溶液中分離所有目標污染物。同時還表現出良好的生物相容性和生物降解性，從而證實了其在實際應用之潛力。
最後，在第三項工作中，我們通過席夫鹼和邁克爾加成反應使用（CA-CS）通過硫酸軟骨素和咖啡酸高分子材料的交聯並製備血液相容性聚碳酸酯膜（PC），並命名為CA-CS-PC。新的製造薄膜除具優異的親水性，0°水接觸角和負表面電荷，zeta電位 -32 mV。使用人血漿蛋白纖維蛋白原吸附研究通過酶聯免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)研究了 CA-CS 改質 PC膜的防污性能，並證明了由於較低的Fg吸附而具有出色的防污和生物惰性性能。此外，CA-CS-PC膜還顯示出增強的血液相容性。最後，通過CLSM和SEM觀察CA-CS-PC膜的血細胞附著試驗，所得結果證明CA-CS-PC有效抵抗血小板和白細胞等細胞粘附。因此，這項工作揭示了一種通過咖啡酸和硫酸軟骨素設計簡單且通用的膜表面修飾並應用於細胞粘附的新方法。

The development of mussel-inspired polymeric material has been attracted in surface engineering technology owing to its universal adhesion property. The mussel foot proteins contain catechol amino acid i.e. DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy –L-phenylalanine), which is considered as the key component for the functional coating in the moist environment. It offers versatile catechol chemistry to fabricate the membrane and develop composites via the self-polymerization, surface adherent films onto a wide range of inorganic and organic materials including noble metals, oxides, polymers, semiconductors, ceramics for biological, chemical, energy, environmental application. In addition, mussel inspired materials secondary reaction can be used to create a variety of adhesive layers, including reassembled monolayers through the deposition of long-chain molecular building blocks via grafting macromolecules for bio-inert, bioactive, and antifouling materials for a variety of applications.
In this dissertation, combining effective mussel-inspired chemistry with environmentally friendly naturally available caffeic acid, we have designed three different studies to evaluate caffeic acid-based polymer modified membranes for environmental and blood cell adhesion application. Caffeic acid is a natural phenolic acid compound found in plants and contains a catechol structure which is a key reaction site for mussel inspired chemistry via self-polymerization. It can achieve a better antifouling surface because the carboxyl group is easier to ionize and hydrate can alter the surface property via secondary modification reaction. However, as far as we know very few articles only reported on the surface modification based on the mussel-inspired chemistry of caffeic acid.
In the first work, we report a simple method to fabricate a superwetting caffeic acid (CA) polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified melamine sponge (CA-PEI-MS) for oil-in-water emulsion separation and dye adsorption. The as-fabricated CA-PEI-MS exhibited super hydrophilicity with an approximately zero water contact angle (WCA) and underwater superoleophobicity with an underwater oil contact angle (UWOCA) greater than 150o. The compressed CA-PEI-MS showed an excellent oil-in-water emulsion separation performance with a separation efficiency greater than 97 % and a water flux up to 25480 L h-1 m-2 bar-1. The recyclability test was used to study the stability of the compressed CA-PEI-MS, after being washed with acetone; the flux did not show any significant change during the 12-cycle separation test. The separation efficiency in every cycle was greater than 97 %. Moreover, the as-fabricated CA-PEI-MS exhibited adsorption ability towards negatively charged dyes such as rosebengal (RB) and direct red (DR), due to its positive surface charge. The CA-PEI-MS has a great potential for practical application because it shows high performance and excellent efficiency, and the preparation procedure is low-cost and eco-friendly.
The second work based on the superwettable cotton-based materials for wastewater treatment was constructed by modifying cotton fiber (CF) with caffeic acid (CA) and chitosan (CHI). The as-prepared CA-CS-CF materials exhibited superhydrophilicity (i.e., a water contact angle of~0°) and underwater superoleophobicity (i.e., an underwater oil contact angle ≥160°). Notably, the compressed CA-CHI-CF exhibited an excellent oil-in-water emulsion separation performance, i.e., a flux up to 50,050 L h−1 m−2 bar−1 under 0.1 bar pressure, and a separation efficiency >99.9%. Interestingly, due to the advantages of the amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups offered by caffeic acid and chitosan, CA-CHI-CF showed excellent adsorption capabilities for cationic dyes (>99%) and heavy metal ions (>99%). To demonstrate the applicability of our system, a benchmark separation experiment was conducted, namely the separation of dye and metal ion-spiked emulsions. CA-CHI-CF was found to separate all target pollutants from the solution simultaneously. CA-CHI-CF also exhibited good biocompatibility and biodegradability, thereby confirming its great potential for practical applications.
Finally, in the third work, we fabricate mussel inspired hemocompatible polycarbonate membrane (PC) modified by cross-linking of Chondroitin sulfate and Caffeic acid polymer using (CA-CS) via Schiff base and Michael addition reaction and named as CA-CS-PC. The as-fabricated CA-CS-PC membrane shows excellent hydrophilicity with 0° water contact angle and negative surface charge with zeta potential -32 mV. The antifouling property of CA-CS modified PC membrane was investigated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using human plasma protein fibrinogen adsorption studies and proved excellent antifouling and bio-inert properties due to the lower Fg adsorption. In addition, the CA-CS-PC membrane also shows enhanced hemocompatibility properties. Finally, blood cell attachment tests of the CA-CS-PC membrane were observed by CLSM and SEM, and the obtained results proved that CA-CS-PC effectively resists cell adhesion such as platelets and leucocytes. Therefore, this work disclosed a new way to design simple and versatile modification of membrane surface by caffeic acid and Chondroitin sulfate and apply for cell adhesion.

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