中文摘要
由於現代社會不斷增長的能源需求，造成全球暖化和自然資源的枯竭，我們正處在尋求以再生能源替代化石燃料的時代。因此，環保的電源技術如可充電金屬空氣電池，再生燃料電池和水分解設備等先進能源轉換技術，其商業可行性被科學家寄予厚望。電化學能量轉換和存儲元件最重要的挑戰之一，是提高氧氣還原反應(Oxygen Reduction Reaction, ORR)和氧氣析出反應(Oxygen Evolution Reaction, OER)的效率，這都需要高效和高穩定的電催化劑。到目前為止，鉑(Pt)，鈀(Pd)，氧化銥(IrO2)和氧化釕(RuO2)等含貴金屬之催化劑雖有不錯的反應動力表現。然而，其他催化劑因為高過電位和遲緩的反應動力表現，ORR / OER活性往往令人難以滿意；加上，貴金屬的有限儲量，阻礙了這些技術整體商業化發展。如何同時改善電催化觸媒的活性和穩定性，特別是在嚴苛的鹼性環境下，是重要的挑戰。因此，本研究的目的就是希望透過開發新觸媒，以及結合堅實、導電的載體材料來克服上述之難題。實際以具高導電性氧化物載體- Magnéli相Ti4O7，與鎳釕層狀雙氫氧化物 (3D-FL-NiRu-LDH) 和鎳鐵層狀雙氫氧化物 (NiFe-LDH) 結合，分別做為ORR和OER的電催化劑，期對於先進能量轉換設備，可延長其觸媒耐久性與降低成本，能產生重大貢獻。
論文的第一部分是強調“以高導電性氧化物 Magnéli相Ti4O7綴飾的三維奈米花狀鎳釕層狀雙氫氧化物（3D-FL-NiRu-LDH / Ti4O7）作為高性能氧還原電催化劑”。目的在解決ORR電催化劑的兩個基本問題和挑戰，即增加活性位址數和提高穩定性。透過將層狀材料工程化為三維花狀形貌，使得鎳釕層狀雙氫氧化物的活性位址數大幅增加，讓更多的表面曝露於電解質。第二個主要挑戰是改善LDH電催化劑本身導電性和耐久性不佳的問題。在這裡，我們首次通過簡單的原位生長方法，導入Magnéli相Ti4O7奈米柱於花狀的鎳釕層狀雙氫氧化物中。綴飾Magnéli相Ti4O7不僅顯著提高了層狀雙氫氧化物奈米片催化劑的活性，而且提升了穩定性。所合成的材料催化氧氣還原反應，在45小時測試後仍保留98％的活性，超過了LDH催化劑在鹼性介質下的所有已知報導。Ti4O7的關鍵作用是提供LDH催化劑的有效電荷轉移網絡，以及經XPS實驗證實的強耦合相互作用，來避免LDH催化劑的團聚。因此，所開發的催化劑具有優異的導電性和耐久性。而所揭示透過引入堅實導電材與LDH催化劑結合的方法，也為開發高效且耐用的電催化系統提供了嶄新的可能。
論文的第二部分是前述工作的延伸，但修改材料設計，以針對不同應用。它是關於用Magnéli相Ti4O7裝飾的鎳鐵層狀雙氫氧化物 (NiFe-LDH) ，作為氧氣析出反應 (OER) 電催化劑。由於反應動力學不良，尋找更好的OER電催化劑是必須的。鎳鐵層狀雙氫氧化物具有相當的潛力，在鹼性電解液中表現最佳。然而，LDH的電導率差和易堆疊的性質，限制其活性和活性位點的曝露。因此，我們用高導電性和耐久的Magnéli相Ti4O7來修飾LDH，以提高電導率，並產生更多的懸空鍵和無序結構，從而產生空位並在NiFe-LDH上曝露更多的活性位點。通過一系列分析，證明NiFe-LDH-Ti4O7的OER性能較先前文獻更好。改善可歸因於電荷轉移效應，以及源自Ti4O7和NiFe-LDH之間結構變形的應變效應。因此合成的複合NiFe-LDH- Ti4O7對OER具有極好的催化活性，在起始電位僅1.42 V時，可連續30小時，保持100％的電流密度。溶液中Fe3 +離子的存在可與Ti4O7結合，生成用Ti4O7修飾的非均相NiFe-LDH位點。這些NiFe-LDH- Ti4O7位點帶來顯著改善的OER活性。
關鍵字: 層狀雙氫氧化物、氧氣還原反應、氧氣析出反應、Magnéli 亞氧化鈦、三維奈米花狀鎳釕層狀雙氫氧化物、鎳鐵層狀雙氫氧化物、電子與應變效應

Abstract

We are in the era of seeking renewable energy to substitute fossil fuels due to the increasing demand for energy of the modern society, global warming, and depletion of natural sources. Therefore, globalization of advanced energy conversion technologies like rechargeable metal-air batteries (MAB’s), water-splitting, and regenerated fuel cells (RFCs) devices are highly regarded by the scientists as an environmentally friendly power source with global commercial viability. One of the most important challenges for electrochemically energy conversion and storage devices is to increase the efficiencies of both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which will require the development of efficient and stable electrocatalysts. So far, Pt, Pd, IrO2, and RuO2 noble metal catalysts have acceptable kinetics. However, other electrocatalysts usually have high overpotential and sluggish kinetics and they give unsatisfactory ORR/OER performance. Further, limited reserves of noble-metal-based catalysts have precluded these renewable energy technologies from large-scale commercial applications. In many cases, how to improve both the activity and stability of an electrocatalyst is still an important challenge, especially under harsh alkaline conditions. The objectives of this dissertation are to tackle the challenge by developing new electrocatalysts and introducing robust and conductive support. The introduced materials are robust and conductive Magnéli phase Ti4O7 decorated in 3D-FL-NiRu-LDH and NiFe-LDH as ORR and OER electrocatalyst, respectively. This will have a great impact on lengthening the lifetime and reduce cost in energy conversion devices.

The first part of the dissertation emphasizes “Robust and conductive Magnéli Phase Ti4O7 decorated on 3D-nanoflower NiRu-LDH (3D-FL-NiRu-LDH/Ti4O7) as high-performance oxygen reduction electrocatalyst”. This work has intended to discuss two basic issues and challenges in ORR electrocatalysts, namely increasing site population and enhancing the stability. The site population of the NiRu-LDH increased by engineering the morphology from 2D to 3D flowerlike material and the approach resulted in more surfaces exposed to the electrolyte. The second main challenge is to improve the intrinsically poor conductivity of LDHs and their short durability. In order to address this issue, we introduce robust, conductive and stable Magnéli phase Ti4O7 nano-pillar into flower-like NiRu-LDH through an easy in situ growth approach for the first time. The decoration of Magnéli phase Ti4O7 not only significantly improves the activity but also the stability of LDH nanosheet catalyst. The as-synthesized materials retain 98% of the activity after 45 h which surpasses all the reported LDH catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction under alkaline media. The key roles of Ti4O7 are to provide the effective charge transfer networks of LDH catalyst and prevent agglomeration of LDH catalysts though strongly coupled interactions evidenced by XPS. Therefore, the developed catalyst demonstrates promising conductivity, together with durability. The reported approach of introducing a robust and conductive pillar coupled with LDH catalysts provides a novel pathway for developing a highly efficient and durable electrocatalyst.

The second part of this work is mediate extension of the first work but with some modification material for the application. Based on this, it is concerned with NiFe-LDH decorated by Magnéli phase Ti4O7 for OER electrocatalyst. An earth-abundant and highly efficient electrocatalyst are essential for OER due to its poor kinetics. NiFe-LDH is most promising OER catalysts, which perform best in alkaline electrolytes. However, the poor conductivity and the stacking structure of LDH limit its activity and exposure of active site, respectively. Therefore, we decorate LDH with highly conductive and robust Magnéli phase Ti4O7 in order to both boost conductivity and generate more dangling bonds and disordered structure that would result in vacancy and expose more active site on NiFe-LDH. In this work, a series of analyses reveal that the improved OER performances of NiFe-LDH-Ti4O7 compared to previously published works. This series improved performance is originated from the charge transfer effect, and strain effect between Ti4O7 and NiFe-LDH that results in structural deformation. Based on this, the as-synthesized NiFe-LDH-Ti4O7 nano-sheet exhibit an excellent catalytic activity for OER with ultra-small onset potential of only 1.42 and retain 100% of the current density after 30 hr. Furthermore, the presence of Fe3+ ions in the solution could bond with the Ti4O7 generating heterogeneous NiFe-LDH sites decorated with Ti4O7. These NiFe-LDH-Ti4O7 sites exhibited markedly an improved OER activity.

In general, the use of Ti4O7 to decorate LDHs mainly enhances conductivity, stability (relative to carbon supports) and stacking between LDH layers during OER and ORR measurement. Additionally, it can also electronic and strain effect in the material that will result in vacancy and disordered in a structure of LDHs.

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