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研究生： 鄭宇婷
Yu-Ting Cheng
論文名稱： 物識流：未來物件糸統的數據流設計
Awareness of Things: Designing Systems of Data-Enabled Objects
指導教授： 梁容輝
Rung-Huei Liang
陳玲鈴
Lin-Lin Chen
口試委員: 許永真
Jane Yung-Jen Hsu
陳建雄
Chien-Hsiung Chen
Mathias Funk
Mathias Funk
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 設計學院 - 設計系
Department of Design
論文出版年： 2023
畢業學年度： 111
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 234
中文關鍵詞： 物識流 、物聯網 、數據隱私 、數據語意 、群體智慧物件互動設計 、以物為中心設計
外文關鍵詞： Awareness of Things, Internet of Things, Data Privacy, Data Semantics, Constellation Design, Object-Oriented Design Perspective
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    • 本研究提出「物識流」（AoT）設計願景，即提出未來設計師該以何種視角、方法去設計群體智慧物件間的數據分享與使用，方能使物件們能夠更加理解使用者相關的情境，同時分享與使用數據的過程能夠顧慮使用者的隱私。過去相關研究已提出「物聯網（IoT）」，作為一種以科技為主的願境，注重該如何替物件間建立穩定、有效的網路連線，然而單純的網路連線能夠建構數據分享的基礎，但是並不足以讓物件們能夠顧及使用者隱私地分享與使用數據，因此本研究提出的「物識流（AoT）」即以物聯網為基底，增加設計觀點去強化物件間數據分享的語意與隱私設計。本研究使用「透過研究作設計」方法，透過設計實務去探索與反思物識流系統的設計方向。本論文呈現三大部分：一、本研究討論現有物聯網設計挑戰並提出物識流的設計願景，透過提出「物件意識」一詞，提供設計師對於數據的新設計方向，以物為中心的觀點設計物件的數據處理能力（例如搜集、偵測、詮釋）。二、本研究開發一系列的設計工具，協助設計師進行物識流相關系統設計，並從中分析未來設計方向。三、本研究回顧整體研究，分析與歸納提出物識流設計框架，該框架提供六個設計元素，推薦給未來設計師如何從單一物件的設計拓展至群體物件間的數據流設計。最後，本研究的貢獻為提出一種以物件為中心的設計方式，藉以設計物件間的數據語義，以實現有意義的群體智慧物件間的協作，以及顧及使用者隱私的數據搜集之互動設計。

    This study presents the vision of Awareness of Things (AoT), which proposes a new perspective and approach for designers to design data sharing and usage among a group of smart objects in a way that enhances their understanding of user context and respects user privacy. While previous research has focused on the Internet of Things (IoT) as a technology-driven vision, emphasising the establishment of stable and efficient network connections among objects, the mere connectivity is not sufficient to address the issues of privacy in data sharing and usage. Therefore, the AoT design, built upon the IoT foundation, introduces a design perspective that enhances the semantic understanding of data sharing among objects while considering user privacy. The research methodology employed in this study is `Research through Design’, which involves practical design exploration and reflection on the design direction of AoT systems. The thesis is divided into three main parts: First, the study discusses the challenges of existing IoT design and proposes the design vision of AoT. By introducing the concept of `object awareness’, the study provides designers with a new design direction to enhance the data processing capabilities of objects (such as collection, detection, and interpretation) from an object-oriented perspective. Second, the study develops a series of design tools to assist designers in the design of AoT-related systems and analyse future design directions. Third, the study reviews the overall research and presents the AoT design framework, which consists of six design elements, guiding future designers on how to extend their design approach from individual object design to data flow design among a group of objects.
    In conclusion, this study contributes by proposing an object-oriented design approach that enhances the semantic understanding of data among smart objects, enabling meaningful collaboration and interaction while respecting user privacy in data collection.

    List of Figures ix List of Tables xvii 1 Introduction * 1.1  Motivation............................................. 1 * 1.2  Research Questions ........................................ 6 * 1.3  Research Method ......................................... 7 * 1.4  Thesis Outline........................................... 8 * 1.4.1  PartI: Awareness of Things Vision ........................... 8 * 1.4.2  PartII: Design with the Awareness of Things Vision . . . . .... . . . . . . 9 * 1.4.3  PartIII: Awareness of Things Framework ....................... 9 I Awareness of Things Vision 2 A System of Internet-Enabled Objects: Internet of Things Vision * 2.1  Introduction ............................................ 13 * 2.2  TheInternetofThingsVision .................................. 15 * 2.2.1 Data Sharing with Object Boundaries.......................... 15 * 2.2.2 Cloud Data Sharing Flow ................................ 17 * 2.2.3 Centralised Data Aggregation.............................. 17 * 2.3 Exploring Different Concepts of Designing Connected Systems. . ............. 18 * 2.3.1 Agency Concept ..................................... 18 * 2.3.2 Social Concept ...................................... 19 * 2.3.3 Constellation Concept .................................. 20 * 2.4  SummaryoftheChapter ..................................... 20 3 A System of Data-Enabled Objects: Awareness of Things Vision * 3.1 Introduction ............................................ 23 * 3.2 Understanding Human Awareness................................ 26 * 3.2.1 Sensing: Internal State of Mind to Sense Others.................... 26 * 3.2.2 Social Grouping: Partnering Capability......................... 27 * 3.2.3 Contextual Interpretation: Contextual Understanding ............... 27 * 3.3  Translating Human Awareness into Object Awareness. ....................29 * 3.3.1 Shared Communication ................................. 29 * 3.3.2 Shared Semantics..................................... 29 * 3.3.3 Shared Understanding .................................. 30 * 3.4  Envisioning Awareness of Things Vision ............................ 31 * 3.4.1 Data Sharing Across Object Boundaries ........................ 31 * 3.4.2 Localised Data Sharing Flow .............................. 32 * 3.4.3 Decentralised Data Aggregation............................. 33 * 3.5  Summary of the Chapter ..................................... 35 II Design with Awareness of Things Vision When People Vanish: Investigating Object Ecology Where People are Invisible * 4.1  Introduction ............................................ 40 * 4.2  Design Explorations........................................ 41 * 4.2.1 Photo Perspectives .................................... 41 * 4.2.2 Privacy-Aware Interaction Design............................ 43 * 4.3  Final Design: The Peekaboo Camera............................... 45 * 4.3.1 Design Feature for Capturing Non-Actor Scenery . ..................45 * 4.3.2 Design Features for Privacy ............................... 47 * 4.3.3 The Two Modes of the Peekaboo Camera........................ 48 * 4.4  Field Study with the Peekaboo Camera ............................. 49 * 4.4.1 Deployment Steps .................................... 50 * 4.4.2 Photo Interpretation Steps................................ 51 * 4.5  Findings A: Interaction with Active & Passive Peekaboo. ...................53 * 4.5.1 Interaction with Active Peekaboo............................ 53 * 4.5.2 Interaction with Passive Peekaboo ........................... 54 * 4.6  Findings B: Impact on Data by Active & Passive Peekaboo ..................55 * 4.6.1 Data Impact on Active Peekaboo ............................ 56 * 4.6.2 Data Impact on Passive Peekaboo............................ 57 * 4.7  FindingsC: Data Interpretation on Non-Actor Scenery Photos ................ 58 * 4.7.1 Elicit Curiosity ...................................... 58 * 4.7.2 Foreground Object to Discover Hidden Practices ...................58 * 4.7.3 Object Arrangements Reflect Contextual Meanings ..................59 * 4.8  Discussion............................................. 63 * 4.8.1 Designing Participants-in-the-Loop Data Collection ................. 63 * 4.8.2 Non-Actor Scenery Ethnography ............................ 64 * 4.8.3 Limitation and Future Work............................... 66 4.9 Summary of the Chapter ..................................... 66 5 Seeing through Things: Exploring the Design Space for Privacy-Aware Connected System * 5.1 Introduction ............................................ 69 * 5.2  Background: Research through Data-Enabled Objects . . . . . . . . . . . .71 * 5.2.1 From Research Products to Data-Enabled Object . . . . . . . . . .72 * 5.2.2 Using Data-enabled Objects as Contextual Probes . . . . . . . . . .73 * 5.2.3 Using Data-enabled Objects as Co-Ethnographers . . . . . . . . . .73 * 5.2.4 Using Data-enabled Objects as Object Ethnographers . . . . . . . .74 * 5.3  PrivacyDesignChallengeswithData-EnabledObjects . . . . . . . . . . .75 * 5.3.1  Engagement: Capturing Contextual Data Passively or Actively . .75 * 5.3.2  Empowerment: Enabling a Sense of Control for People . . . . . . .76 * 5.3.3  Enactment: Designing Automated Capabilities of Data Processing.....77 * 5.4 Designing an Open Toolkit for Building Data-Enabled Objects . . . . . .77 * 5.4.1 Toolkit specification ................................... 77 * 5.4.2 Connected Peekaboo Toolkit .............................. 78 * 5.4.3 Summary ......................................... 80 * 5.5  Design Explorations with 18 Design Research Teams ..................... 81 * 5.5.1 Design Exploration Procedure.............................. 81 * 5.5.2 Data Analysis....................................... 82 * 5.6  Findings from the Design Explorations ............................. 82 * 5.6.1 Two Representative Examples from 18 Design Projects ................ 83 * 5.6.2 Form............................................ 86 * 5.6.3 Notification of Data Capturing ............................. 87 * 5.6.4 Observational Perspectives ............................... 88 * 5.6.5 Interaction Mode of Data Capturing .......................... 90 * 5.6.6 Data Processing & Mapping............................... 92 * 5.6.7 Summary ......................................... 94 * 5.7  Feedback on the Toolkit...................................... 94 * 5.7.1  Creating Open Design Templates for Data-enabled Objects ............. 94 * 5.7.2  Foregrounding Privacy to be Investigated in the Wild................. 95 * 5.7.3  From Reflection to Design Action............................ 96 * 5.7.4  Summary ......................................... 97 * 5.8  Discussion............................................. 97 * 5.8.1 A Toolkit for Bottom-Up Privacy Design Space Explorations ............. 98 * 5.8.2  Controllable Interventions to Embody & Investigate Privacy in the Wild . . . . . . 98 * 5.8.3  GivingContextualAwarenesstoData-EnabledObjects ................ 99 * 5.8.4  GivingProductQualitiestoData-EnabledObjects.................. 100 * 5.8.5  DesigningPrivacyasaDriver .............................100 * 5.8.6  LimitationsandFutureWork ..............................102 5.9 Summary of the Chapter .....................................103 6 Constellation Design: Envisioning the Awareness of Things through Semantic and Episodic Speculation 105 * 6.1  Introduction ............................................106 * 6.2  Method...............................................108 * 6.3  Constellation Design through Semantic Speculation......................108 * 6.3.1 Constellation Design Template .............................109 * 6.3.2 Semantic Constellation Design Workshop .......................109 * 6.3.3 Data Analysis.......................................113 * 6.3.4 Findings..........................................114 * 6.4  Constellation Design through Episodic Speculation ......................121 * 6.4.1  Shaping a Fictional Constellation of Things to Prompt Episodic Speculation . . . . 122 * 6.4.2  Episodic Constellation Design Workshop........................124 * 6.4.3  Findings..........................................125 * 6.5  Discussion.............................................130 * 6.5.1  Designing Data Sharing Across Heterogeneous Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . ....130 * 6.5.2  Collective Data as Defamiliarisation to Create a Fictional Everyday . . . . . ....130 * 6.5.3  Comparison between semantic and Episodic Constellation Design Strategy ....131 * 6.6  Summary of the Chapter .....................................132 III Awareness of Things Framework 7 Awareness of Things Framework: Designing Collective Things with Shared Communication, Semantics and Understanding 137 * 7.1  Introduction ............................................137 * 7.2  The Central Perspectivein Overall Research ..........................139 * 7.2.1 Layers of Designing an AoT System ..........................139 * 7.2.2 Perspective Switch between Ego-Centric and Social-Centric . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 * 7.3  Awareness of Things Framework.................................141 * 7.3.1  Coupling: Designing an Object’s Data-Enabled Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 * 7.3.2  Scoping: Designing Data-Sharing Interaction .....................145 * 7.3.3  Interpreting: Building Shared Understanding between Objects . . . . . . . . . . . 148 * 7.4  Motivating Examples of an AoT System.............................151 * 7.4.1 Connected EscapeRooms ................................151 * 7.4.2 Future Gallery.......................................158 * 7.5 Summary of the Chapter .....................................162 8 Reflection and Discussion 165 * 8.1  Reflection on AoT vision .....................................165 * 8.1.1 Object Collaboration in AoT Vision...........................165 * 8.1.2 Contextual Data Semantics in AoT Vision .......................166 * 8.1.3 Data Privacy in AoT Vision ...............................167 * 8.2  Reflection on AoT Design Explorations .............................168 * 8.2.1  Intermediates between Speculation and Implementation of the AoT Vision . . . . . 168 * 8.2.2  Opportunities for Advancing the AoT Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 * 8.3  Reflection on AoT Framework ..................................171 * 8.3.1  The Role of Facilitator in AoT Framework .......................171 * 8.3.2  The Impact of Different Context Choices on Constructing the AoT . . . . . . . . . 172 * 8.3.3  Object-sona for Sketching a Blueprint of a Data-Enabled Object . . . . . . . . . . . 173 * 8.4  Reflection on My Personal Roles in AoT Research .......................173 * 8.5  Recommendation for Future Research..............................174 9 Conclusion 177 * 9.1  RQ1: What are the key aspects in designing a collaboration between a heterogeneous collection of objects? .......................................177 * 9.2  RQ2: How can we support exploring, investigating, and designing a system of data-enabled objects that can effectively collaborate and share data meaningfully? . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 * 9.3  RQ3: What is the overarching conceptual framework that can guide the design of collaboration within a heterogeneous system of objects, considering the diverse and complex requirements of data sharing? ..................................179 * 9.4  MainContributions ........................................180 Appendix 193 Biography 211 List of Publications 211

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