Buildings are known as a significant contributor to global CO2 emissions, emphasizing
the need for effective mitigation measures in the building sector. Life cycle assessment
(LCA) is a well-known tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of buildings
throughout the product stage, construction stage, and use stage. Yet, the validity of LCA
results is directly related to local inventory data reflecting regional characteristics,
production processes, and emission factors. Primary data collection is resourceintensive and time-consuming, especially in most of Asian developing regions. Existing
LCA studies on Indonesia buildings generally use accessible inventory data (such as
emission factors) directly from data sources which may lead to underestimating the
calculated impacts or emissions. This study aims to address the gap by conducting an
LCA using regional inventory data in the cases of two residential buildings in Indonesia:
single-family buildings (SFB) and multi-family buildings (MFB). Also, the estimated
results are compared with previous LCA studies to understand the outcome difference.
The outcome demonstrates that CO2 emissions emitted in use stage are the major
contributor throughout the life cycle, accounting for 77-87% of total CO2 emissions. In
the case of SFB, concrete presents the highest embodied CO2 contribution, while in the
case of MFB, both steel and concrete are responsible for majority of the embodied CO2
emissions. Overall, the estimated CO2 emissions with regionalized inventory data from
Indonesia are higher than previous LCA studies using non-regionalized inventory data.
This study serves to highlight the importance of using regionalized inventory data in
assessing environmental impacts since the calculated results can vary significantly
based on local factors.

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