社會企業 (SEs) 作為解決政府未能或忽視的社會問題之參與者，已被證實對國家具有積極的社會和經濟影響。儘管社會企業的存在至關重要，但它經常遇到許多阻礙使其可持續發展面臨挑戰。特別是在印尼，分散在群島各地的人口使政府、民營部門和社會企業難以到達每個地區並提供促進經濟和社會發展的基本服務。對此，社會企業生態系統中的參與者之間的合作被認為是引導社會企業實現可持續性的重要因素。因此，本研究以服務生態系統的視角，探討價值共創概念作為社會企業可持續性加速器的作用,以及制度化安排對價值共創的影響。本研究基於先前研究人員開發的框架提出了一個新的概念框架。本研究使用質性案例研究方法來解釋從印尼三個不同社會企業的類型收集的數據，即農業和漁業、創意產業和教育。此外，亦透過分析從學術論文、文章、相關影片和SE 報告中獲得的二次數據收集來豐富研究結果。調查結果確認了參與研究的社企價值共創過程的內部（創始人和員工）和外部（客戶、政府、受益人、社區和孵化器）利益相關者。為了產生價值共創的成功結果，每個參與者都整合了由可操作的資源。本研究還發現到制度安排（正式和非正式）的作用，既可以阻礙和/或支持社會企業的價值共創實踐。此外，這項研究提供了社會企業生態系統中所有利益相關者都可以考慮的理論和管理影響。

Social Enterprises (SEs) emerging as an actor who tackles social problems that the government fails or neglects to address has been confirmed to have positive social and economic impact for the country. Despite the crucial presence of SEs, it often encountered many challenges that hamper the way towards sustainability. Especially in Indonesia, the population scattered across the archipelago has made it challenging for the government, private sectors, and SEs to reach every region and provide basic services that promote economic and social development. In response to this, a collaboration between actors in the SEs ecosystem is considered a vital factor in guiding SEs towards its sustainability. Hence, using the service ecosystem perspective, this study aims to seek the role of value co-creation concepts as an accelerator towards social enterprise sustainability and the influence of institutional arrangements (formal and informal institutions) to value co-creation. This study proposed a new conceptual framework based on the framework developed by previous researchers, which has been adapted to the social enterprise context. A qualitative case study methodology was conducted to interpret the data collected from three different sectors of SEs in Indonesia, namely agriculture & fisheries, creative industry, and education. The secondary data collection obtained from academic papers, articles, videos, and SEs reports was analyzed to enrich the study findings. The findings recognized internal (founder and staff) and external (customers, government, beneficiaries, community, and incubator) stakeholders involved in the value co-creation process of SEs understudy. To generate the successful outcome of value co-creation, each actor integrates resources. This study also recognized the role of institutional arrangements (formal and informal) influences value co-creation practice in SEs. Further, this study provided theoretical and managerial implications that all stakeholders can consider in SEs ecosystem.

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