固溶奈米金屬氧化物之合成工程及其應用｜國立臺灣科技大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	楊盛强 Sheng-Chiang Yang
論文名稱：	固溶奈米金屬氧化物之合成工程及其應用 Synthetically Engineered Solid-Solution of Nano-sized Metal Oxides and Their Applications
指導教授：	黃炳照 Bing-Joe Hwang
口試委員:	周澤川 Tse-Chuan Chou 吳紀聖 Chi-Sheng Wu 李志甫 Jyh-Fu Lee 杜景順 Jing-Shan Do 林昇佃 Shawn D. Lin 蘇威年 Wei-Nien Su
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2012
畢業學年度：	100
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	179
中文關鍵詞：	固溶材料、蒸氣重組、笑氣表面氧化、氧空缺、銅鐵、銅鈰、釤鈰氧化物
外文關鍵詞：	Solid solution, steam reforming, engineering method, surface oxidation by N2O, oxygen vacancies and metal oxide of CuFe, CuCe and SmCe
相關次數：	點閱：420 下載：4
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固態材料用傳統的方式直接加熱法（>1000 °C）可以方便合成出各種固溶材料，但因比表面積過低而粒徑過大（> 1μm）所以其應用有所被限制。本論文介紹以形貌工程來增加固溶材料之比表面積，分散工程是由固溶材料來製造高分散度的觸媒材料，氧空缺工程來增加固溶材料的氧空缺，用這些工程方法來擴展固態材料的應用。
本文第一部分探討用形貌工程來製備銅鐵金屬氧化物，其具有條狀的形貌、晶粒大小約9nm、BET比表面積為126 m2/g的固溶材料。只要小於750 °C就可由CuO及Fe2O3相轉變成CuFe2O4 spinel結構 (文獻值 > 1000 °C)。再經由分散工程生成晶粒大小約3.6nm的奈米銅。銅鐵金屬氧化物在較少的氧化銅重量比及相同的甲醇蒸氣重組條件下，其甲醇轉化率高於商用觸媒G66B.
第二部份探討用相同的形貌工程來製備銅鈰金屬氧化物，其具有條狀的形貌、晶粒大小約9nm、BET比表面積為105 m2/g的固溶觸媒。再經由分散工程生成粒徑大小約2nm（粒徑大小由笑氣表面氧化法測出）的奈米銅。對照組觸媒是利用溶膠凝膠法製備的Cu-SBA15觸媒。經由臨場X光吸收光譜於氫氣熱還原後，得到有相近Cu-Cu配位數（銅鈰金屬為8.8、Cu-SBA15為8.5），並發現銅鈰金屬還原態之奈米銅顆粒有比較飽滿的電子。這種電子遷移現象有助於提高甲醇蒸氣重組的轉化率。
第三部份探討用氧空缺工程來製備具有高氧空缺的釤鈰金屬氧化物，其具有條狀的形貌、晶粒大小約9nm、BET比表面積為118 m2/g的固溶材料。並證實其氧空缺在50°C下有吸附二氧化碳的能力、高於300 °C可將二氧化碳轉換成一氧化碳。
這一些工程（engineering）的方法可以普遍製造奈米級的固溶材料（< 10nm 晶粒大小），這種奈米尺寸的固溶材料將會有更有趣的新應用被發掘。最後於附錄介紹因應蒸氣重組而發明流體分離技術之專利。

Solid solution material has long attracted the interest of scientists due to its versatile applications. General preparative method is to heat particles directly (usually > 1000 °C) in micro scale. The loss of surface area by sintering limits the applications of solid solution materials. Several engineering methods are proposed and studied: morphology engineering is used to increase the surface area; dispersion engineering is used to manufacture materials with high catalytic activity and oxygen vacancy engineering is used to create more oxygen vacancies. It is hoped that these engineering methods can expand the solid solution material’s applications.
By means of the morphology engineering, rod-like Cu-Fe solid-oxide material with nano-size ~ 9 nm (crystal size) and 126 m2/g BET surface area has been synthesized. CuO and Fe2O3 phases change to spinel CuFe2O4 structure at 750 °C, whereas a calcination temperature above 1000 °C is usually required in the common preparative method (> 1μm crystal size and < 0.3 m2/g). Cu nanoparticles (~3.6 nm crystal size) are generated from the rod-like solid solution by the dispersion engineering. This catalyst clearly outperforms commercial G66B in conversion for the steam reforming of methanol.
Rod-like CuCe solid oxides are synthesized by the same engineering method. The obtained solid oxides have about 9 nm crystal size and 109 m2/g BET surface area. The dispersion engineering helps to generate Cu nanoparticles (~2 nm by N2O method). The sample was benchmarked with Cu-SBA-15 of the same composition by sol-gel method. In XAS, both samples have similar coordination number and are confirmed with no oxidation state Cu after reduction. It is found that there is evidence of electronic transfer from CeO2 to Cu in rod-like CuCe, where higher electron occupancy of Cu is beneficial high SRM conversion.
The oxygen vacancy engineering is developed to create more oxygen vacancies in ceria oxide. The rod-like SmCe solid oxides have nano-size ~ 9 nm (crystal size) and 118 m2/g BET surface area. This material absorbs CO2 at 50 °C and is able to convert CO2 to CO above 300 °C.
These engineering methods significantly improve the general preparative methods to produce nanoparticles and expand the horizons of solid solution materials and their applications. Finally, the patent of fluid separation technology is invented in appendix.

摘要	I
Abstract	II
List of Figures	VI
List of Tables	IX
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1 The solid state oxide material	1
2 General preparative method	2
3 Motivation	3
4 Scope of this thesis	4
Chapter 2 Literature Review	5
1 Solid state metal oxide for catalyst application.	5
1.1 Oxidation Reactions	6
1.2 Pollution abatement	7
1.3 Hydrogenation Reactions	8
1.4 Photocatalysis	8
2 Issues in the synthesis of Solid solution metal oxide	9
3 Hard template ~ mesorporous silica	11
4 Morphology engineering of metal oxide	18
5 Dispersion engineering of metal oxide	21
6 Oxygen vacancy engineering of ceria oxide	22
Chapter 3 Chemicals, Experiments, and Characterization of Catalyst	24
1 Chemicals and gas	24
1.1 Chemicals	24
1.2 gas	25
2 Catalyst synthesis	25
2.1 Morphology engineering	25
2.1.1 SBA-15 synthesis	25
2.1.2 Morphology engineering for single crystal metal oxide synthesis	26
2.1.3 Morphology engineering for rod like solid solution metal oxide synthesis	27
2.1.4 The SBA-15 is removed	28
2.2 Dispersion engineering	29
2.3 Oxygen engineering	30
3 Gas analysis	30
3.1 Gas Chromatography (GC)	30
3.2 Steam reforming of methanol condition	32
3.3 Reaction apparatus	34
3.4 Separation method by one detector	35
3.5 Mass Spectrometer	37
4 Characterization	37
4.1 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)	37
4.2 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)	38
4.2.1 In house XRD	38
4.2.2 in-situ XRD	38
4.2.3 JCPDS card	38
4.2.4 Estimation crystallite size	39
4.3 Transmission electron microscopy analysis (TEM)	39
4.4 Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)	39
4.5 BET surface area	40
4.6 Temperature program reduction (TPR)	40
4.7 Temperature program desorption (TPD) by N2O method	40
4.7.1 Cu dispersion	40
4.7.2 Copper metal surface area (SCu) and the average particle size (φav)	40
4.8 The EDS of SEM	41
5 Density functional theory (DFT)	42
Chapter 4 Preparation of nano-sized Cu from a rod-like CuFe2O4 : suitable for high performance catalytic applications	43
1 Introduction	43
2 Experiment	45
2.1 Catalyst preparation	45
2.2 Catalytic test	48
3 Results and discussion	48
3.1 Catalytic morphology	48
3.2 Materials characterizations	51
3.3 TPR analysis	53
3.4 Materials characterizations after hydrogen reduction	55
3.5 In situ XRD analysis	57
3.6 XANES and EXAFS analysis	59
3.7 BET surface area measurement	64
3.8 SRM test	65
4 Conclusions	67
Chapter 5 Preparation of highly dispersed catalytic Cu from rod-like CuO-CeO2 mixed metal oxide: suitable for applications in high performance methanol steam reforming	69
1 Introduction	69
2 Experiment	70
2.1 Catalyst preparation	70
2.2 Catalytic test	73
3 Results and discussion	74
3.1 Morphology of catalyst	74
3.2 Materials characterizations	77
3.3 TPR analysis	80
3.4 Cu dispersion analysis	82
3.5 Reaction test	84
4 Conclusion	86
Chapter 6 Electron transfer between the support and reduced metal catalyst for SRM reaction.	88
1 Introduction	88
2 Experiment	88
2.1 Catalyst preparation	88
2.2 Catalytic test	89
3 Results and discussion	90
3.1 XANES and EXAFS analysis	90
3.1.1 For Cu K-edge.	90
3.1.2 For Ce L3-edge.	95
3.2 in-situ XRD	97
3.3 Electronic States of Cu by Density functional theory (DFT)	98
3.4 Reaction test	100
4 Conclusion	101
Chapter 7 Oxygen vacancy engineering of cerium oxides for CO2 capture and reduction	103
1 Introduction	103
2 Experiment and discussion	104
2.1 Catalyst preparation	104
2.2 Sample morphology	106
2.3 Materials characterizations	107
2.4 CO2 capture test	108
2.5 Material regeneration test	110
2.6 CO2 convert to CO test	112
3 Conclusion	115
Chapter 8 Summaries	117
References	119
Appendix: Patent for “Fluid Separation Method and Fluid Separation Apparatus”	137
A-1 First Embodiment	137
A-2 Second Embodiment	148
A-3 Third Embodiment	155

                                

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