本研究探討由爐石粉(S)、F級飛灰(F)及循環式流化床燃燒飛灰(C)等三種工業副產品混合物所組成無水泥SFC膠結材之高強度自充填混凝土(SCC)工程性質與耐久性，也以拉拔試驗進行探討埋入鋼筋由此種SFC-SCC混凝土圍束時之鍵結行為，以瞭解其應用為結構混凝土之可能性，在循環式流化床燃燒飛灰重量佔爐石粉與F級飛灰混合物重量固定為15%之最佳比率以激發水合作用之情況下，利用F級飛灰佔0-50%大範圍重量比率調整SFC-SCC混凝土之新拌與硬固性質。
試驗結果顯示此種SFC-SCC之28天抗壓強度可達65.6 MPa.，F級飛灰重量比為30%時為最佳值，可達成優良流動與通過能力、較合宜耐久性、工程及鍵結性質，無水泥SFC-SCC混凝土工程與鍵結性質低於同水膠比之波特蘭水泥(OPC)混凝土，另一方面，在等值28天抗壓強度下，SFC-SCC鍵結強度與波特蘭水泥(OPC)混凝土相同，但所需混凝土保護層厚度較小，鍵結與抗壓強度關係分析顯示SFC-SCC混凝土鍵結品質與波特蘭水泥(OPC)混凝土相同優良，表示前者具有高度應用潛能，可作為實務基礎建設之另一種鋼筋混凝土。
由傅里葉轉換紅外光譜(FTIR)分析微觀結構結果明顯地顯示，SFC膠結材水化物主要由氫氧鈣石(portlandite, Ca(OH)2) and無水硫酸鈣(anhydrite, CaSO4)所組成，造成SFC粉具有水硬性質，硬固漿體水化物主要為鈣釩石(AFt)及矽鋁酸鈣(C-A-S-H)膠體，增加F級飛灰用量造成由於增加活性鋁所引致之高度鈣釩石(AFt)沈澱稀出。

This study investigated the engineering properties and durability of the high-strength self-compacting concrete (SCC) manufactured by an innovative no-cement SFC binder, which was purely produced with a ternary mixture of three industrial by-products of ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), low calcium Class F fly ash (F) and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash (C). To explore the possibility of applying this SFC-SCC to structural concrete, the bonding behaviors of the embedded steel bar confined by the SFC-SCC using the pull-out test was also conducted. With a fixed amount of circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash at 15 wt.% of mixture of slag and Class F fly ash as the optimum value to activate the hydration, Class F fly ash in a wide range of 0-50 wt.% was used to adjust the properties of the SFC-SCCs at both fresh and hardened states.
Experimental results showed that the compressive strengths of the resulting SFC-SCC at age of 28 days reached the value up to 65.6 MPa. The added amount of Class F fly ash up to 30 wt.% was found to be an optimal amount to produce the SCC with excellent flowing and passing capability, preferable durability and mechanical and bonding properties. Both mechanical properties and bonding strength of the no-cement SFC-SCCs were found to be lower than those of the plain ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concretes with similar water to binder ratio (W/B). On the other hand, at the equivalent 28-day compressive strength, similar bonding strength of SFC-SCCs to that of the plain OPC concretes was observed, but the required covering thickness of SFC-SCCs was lower than that of OPC concretes. The analysis on relationship between bonding and compressive strengths showed that the bonding quality of the SFC-SCCs was as good as that of plain OPC concretes implying that the former also could has a high potential of application as an alternative reinforced concrete for practical infrastructural construction.
The results of microstructural analysis of the hydration products of SFC binder using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy obviously showed that they mainly consisted of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) and anhydrite (CaSO4) which attributed to the hydraulic property of SFC powder. The main hydration products of the hardened paste are ettringite (AFt) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C–A–S–H) gel. An increase in Type F fly ash addition led to the higher degree of AFt precipitation induced by an increase of active alumina.

[1] M. Schneider, M. Romer, M. Tschudin, H. Bolio, Sustainable cement production—present and future, Cement and Concrete Research 41(7) (2011) 642-650.
[2] K. Bauer, V. Hoenig, Energy efficiency of cement plants, Cement International 8 (3) (2010) 148–152.
[3] H. Klein, V. Hoenig, Model calculations of the fuel energy requirement for the clinker burning process, Cement International 4 (3) (2006) 44–63.
[4] R. Nobis, Burning Technology, Cement International 7 (5) (2009) 52–71.
[5] D.K. Dutta, P.C. Borthakur, Activation of low lime high alumina granulated blast furnace slag by anhydrite, Cement and Concrete Research 20(5) (1990) 711-722.
[6] H.G. Midgley, K. Pettifer, The micro structure of hydrated super sulphated cement, Cement and Concrete Research 1(1) (1971) 101-104.
[7] M. Singh, M. Garg, Calcium sulfate hemihydrate activated low heat sulfate resistant cement, Construction and Building Materials 16(3) (2002) 181-186.
[8] A. Gruskovnjak, B. Lothenbach, F. Winnefeld, R. Figi, S.C. Ko, M. Adler, U. Mäder, Hydration mechanisms of super sulphated slag cement, Cement and Concrete Research 38(7) (2008) 983-992.
[9] International Energy Agency [on-line] Cement roadmap targets (2009) http://www.iea.org/papers/2009/Cement_Roadmap_targets_viewing.pdf [Accessed 18 March 2011].
[10] J. Havlica, J. Brandstetr, I. Odler, Possibilities of Utilizing Solid Residues from Pressured Fluidized Bed Coal Combustion (PSBC) for the Production of Blended Cements, Cement and Concrete Research 28(2) (1998) 299-307.
[11] E.J. Anthony, Fluidized bed combustion of alternative solid fuels; status, successes and problems of the technology, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 21(3) (1995) 239-268.
[12] E.J. Anthony, D.L. Granatstein, Sulfation phenomena in fluidized bed combustion systems, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 27(2) (2001) 215-236.
[13] E.J. Anthony, L. Jia, Y. Wu, CFBC ash hydration studies, Fuel 84(11) (2005) 1393-1397.
[14] G. Sheng, Q. Li, J. Zhai, Investigation on the hydration of CFBC fly ash, Fuel 98(0) (2012) 61-66.
[15] X.-g. Li, Q.-b. Chen, B.-g. Ma, J. Huang, S.-w. Jian, B. Wu, Utilization of modified CFBC desulfurization ash as an admixture in blended cements: Physico-mechanical and hydration characteristics, Fuel 102(0) (2012) 674-680.
[16] C.-S. Shon, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, D. Saylak, D.G. Zollinger, G.G. Mejeoumov, Potential use of stockpiled circulating fluidized bed combustion ashes in controlled low strength material (CLSM) mixture, Construction and Building Materials 24(5) (2010) 839-847.
[17] Y. Xia, Y. Yan, Z. Hu, Utilization of circulating fluidized bed fly ash in preparing non-autoclaved aerated concrete production, Construction and Building Materials 47(0) (2013) 1461-1467.
[18] Z. Zhang, J. Qian, C. You, C. Hu, Use of circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash and slag in autoclaved brick, Construction and Building Materials 35(0) (2012) 109-116.
[19] K. Boonserm, V. Sata, K. Pimraksa, P. Chindaprasirt, Improved geopolymerization of bottom ash by incorporating fly ash and using waste gypsum as additive, Cement and Concrete Composites 34(7) (2012) 819-824.
[20] Q. Li, H. Xu, F. Li, P. Li, L. Shen, J. Zhai, Synthesis of geopolymer composites from blends of CFBC fly and bottom ashes, Fuel 97(0) (2012) 366-372.
[21] S. Sujjavanich, V. Sida, P. Suwanvitaya, Chloride Permeability and Corrosion Risk of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete with Mid-Range Water Reducer, Materials Journal 102(3) (2005) 177-182.
[22] C.S. Poon, L. Lam, Y.L. Wong, A study on high strength concrete prepared with large volumes of low calcium fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research 30(3) (2000) 447-455.
[23] W.S. Langley, G.G. Carette, V.M. Malhotra, Structural Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of ASTM Class F Fly Ash, Materials Journal 86(5) (1989) 507-514.
[24] P. Chindaprasirt, C. Chotithanorm, H.T. Cao, V. Sirivivatnanon, Influence of fly ash fineness on the chloride penetration of concrete, Construction and Building Materials 21(2) (2007) 356-361.
[25] J. Bijen, Benefits of slag and fly ash, Construction and Building Materials 10(5) (1996) 309-314.
[26] X. Aimin, S.L. Sarkar, Microstructural study of gypsum activated fly ash hydration in cement paste, Cement and Concrete Research 21(6) (1991) 1137-1147.
[27] D. Ravina, P.K. Mehta, Properties of fresh concrete containing large amounts of fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research 16(2) (1986) 227-238.
[28] T. Yen, T.-H. Hsu, Y.-W. Liu, S.-H. Chen, Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete, Construction and Building Materials 21(2) (2007) 458-463.
[29] A. Bilodeau, V.M. Malhotra, High-Volume Fly Ash System: Concrete Solution for Sustainable Development, Materials Journal 97(1) (2000) 41-48.
[30] G. Carette, A. Bilodeau, R.L. Chevrier, V.M. Malhotra, Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Fly Ash From Sources in the U.S., Materials Journal 90(6) (1993) 535-544.
[31] V.M. Malhotra, Superplasticized Fly Ash Concrete for Structural Applications, Concrete International 8(12) (1986) 28-31.
[32] V.M. Malhotra, Durability of concrete incorporating high-volume of low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash, Cement and Concrete Composites 12(4) (1990) 271-277.
[33] R.-U.-D. Nassar, P. Soroushian, T. Ghebrab, Field investigation of high-volume fly ash pavement concrete, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73 (2013) 78-85.
[34] T.R. Naik, B.W. Ramme, R.N. Kraus, R. Siddique, Long-Term Performance of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Pavements, Materials Journal 100(2) (2003) 150-155.
[35] S. Donatello, C. Kuenzel, A. Palomo, A. Fernández-Jiménez, High temperature resistance of a very high volume fly ash cement paste, Cement and Concrete Composites 45 (2014) 234-242.
[36] K.H. Obla, R.L. Hill, R.S. Martin, HVFA Concrete—An Industry Perspective, Concrete International 25(8) (2003) 29-34.
[37] Y. Zhu, Y. Yang, Y. Yao, Use of slag to improve mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) with high volumes of fly ash, Construction and Building Materials 36 (2012) 1076-1081.
[38] J. Payá, J. Monzó, M.V. Borrachero, E. Peris-Mora, E. González-López, Mechanical treatment of fly ashes part II: Particle morphologies in ground fly ashes (GFA) and workability of GFA-cement mortars, Cement and Concrete Research 26(2) (1996) 225-235.
[39] J. Payá, J. Monzó, M.V. Borrachero, E. Peris, E. González-López, Mechanical treatments of fly ashes. Part III: Studies on strength development of ground fly ashes (GFA) — Cement mortars, Cement and Concrete Research 27(9) (1997) 1365-1377.
[40] Y. Maltais, J. Marchand, INFLUENCE OF CURING TEMPERATURE ON CEMENT HYDRATION AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH MORTARS, Cement and Concrete Research 27(7) (1997) 1009-1020.
[41] G. Li, Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-SiO2, Cement and Concrete Research 34(6) (2004) 1043-1049.
[42] I. Elkhadiri, A. Diouri, A. Boukhari, J. Aride, F. Puertas, Mechanical behaviour of various mortars made by combined fly ash and limestone in Moroccan Portland cement, Cement and Concrete Research 32(10) (2002) 1597-1603.
[43] J. Qian, C. Shi, Z. Wang, Activation of blended cements containing fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research 31(8) (2001) 1121-1127.
[44] C.S. Poon, X.C. Qiao, Z.S. Lin, Effects of flue gas desulphurization sludge on the pozzolanic reaction of reject-fly-ash-blended cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research 34(10) (2004) 1907-1918.
[45] C.S. Poon, S.C. Kou, L. Lam, Z.S. Lin, Activation of fly ash/cement systems using calcium sulfate anhydrite (CaSO4), Cement and Concrete Research 31(6) (2001) 873-881.
[46] C.Y. Lee, H.K. Lee, K.M. Lee, Strength and microstructural characteristics of chemically activated fly ash–cement systems, Cement and Concrete Research 33(3) (2003) 425-431.
[47] S. Donatello, A. Fernández-Jimenez, A. Palomo, Very High Volume Fly Ash Cements. Early Age Hydration Study Using Na2SO4 as an Activator, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 96(3) (2013) 900-906.
[48] J.M. Ortega, I. Sánchez, M.A. Climent, Durability related transport properties of OPC and slag cement mortars hardened under different environmental conditions, Construction and Building Materials 27(1) (2012) 176-183.
[49] F. Sajedi, H.A. Razak, H.B. Mahmud, P. Shafigh, Relationships between compressive strength of cement–slag mortars under air and water curing regimes, Construction and Building Materials 31(0) (2012) 188-196.
[50] W.M. Hale, S.F. Freyne, T.D. Bush Jr, B.W. Russell, Properties of concrete mixtures containing slag cement and fly ash for use in transportation structures, Construction and Building Materials 22(9) (2008) 1990-2000.
[51] H.-J. Chen, S.-S. Huang, C.-W. Tang, M.A. Malek, L.-W. Ean, Effect of curing environments on strength, porosity and chloride ingress resistance of blast furnace slag cement concretes: A construction site study, Construction and Building Materials 35(0) (2012) 1063-1070.
[52] E. Gruyaert, P. Van den Heede, M. Maes, N. De Belie, Investigation of the influence of blast-furnace slag on the resistance of concrete against organic acid or sulphate attack by means of accelerated degradation tests, Cement and Concrete Research 42(1) (2012) 173-185.
[53] S.J. Barnett, M.N. Soutsos, S.G. Millard, J.H. Bungey, Strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and determination of apparent activation energies, Cement and Concrete Research 36(3) (2006) 434-440.
[54] A.R. Brough, A. Atkinson, Sodium silicate-based, alkali-activated slag mortars: Part I. Strength, hydration and microstructure, Cement and Concrete Research 32(6) (2002) 865-879.
[55] A. Fernández-Jiménez, J.G. Palomo, F. Puertas, Alkali-activated slag mortars: Mechanical strength behaviour, Cement and Concrete Research 29(8) (1999) 1313-1321.
[56] T. Bakharev, J.G. Sanjayan, Y.B. Cheng, Effect of admixtures on properties of alkali-activated slag concrete, Cement and Concrete Research 30(9) (2000) 1367-1374.
[57] F. Collins, J.G. Sanjayan, Effect of pore size distribution on drying shrinking of alkali-activated slag concrete, Cement and Concrete Research 30(9) (2000) 1401-1406.
[58] M. Palacios, F. Puertas, Effect of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the properties of alkali-activated slag mortars and pastes, Cement and Concrete Research 37(5) (2007) 691-702.
[59] A.A. Melo Neto, M.A. Cincotto, W. Repette, Drying and autogenous shrinkage of pastes and mortars with activated slag cement, Cement and Concrete Research 38(4) (2008) 565-574.
[60] J.J. Chang, W. Yeih, C.C. Hung, Effects of gypsum and phosphoric acid on the properties of sodium silicate-based alkali-activated slag pastes, Cement and Concrete Composites 27(1) (2005) 85-91.
[61] A. Abdullah, The effect of various chemical activators on pozzolanic reactivity: A review, Scientific Research and Essays 7(7) (2012).
[62] T. Bakharev, Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack, Cement and Concrete Research 35(4) (2005) 658-670.
[63] J. He, J. Zhang, Y. Yu, G. Zhang, The strength and microstructure of two geopolymers derived from metakaolin and red mud-fly ash admixture: A comparative study, Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 80-91.
[64] K. Somna, C. Jaturapitakkul, P. Kajitvichyanukul, P. Chindaprasirt, NaOH-activated ground fly ash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature, Fuel 90(6) (2011) 2118-2124.
[65] G. Kovalchuk, A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, Alkali-activated fly ash: Effect of thermal curing conditions on mechanical and microstructural development – Part II, Fuel 86(3) (2007) 315-322.
[66] M.S. Muñiz-Villarreal, A. Manzano-Ramírez, S. Sampieri-Bulbarela, J.R. Gasca-Tirado, J.L. Reyes-Araiza, J.C. Rubio-Ávalos, J.J. Pérez-Bueno, L.M. Apatiga, A. Zaldivar-Cadena, V. Amigó-Borrás, The effect of temperature on the geopolymerization process of a metakaolin-based geopolymer, Materials Letters 65(6) (2011) 995-998.
[67] A. Nazari, A. Bagheri, S. Riahi, Properties of geopolymer with seeded fly ash and rice husk bark ash, Materials Science and Engineering: A 528(24) (2011) 7395-7401.
[68] M. Olivia, H. Nikraz, Properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete designed by Taguchi method, Materials & Design 36 (2012) 191-198.
[69] S. Demie, M.F. Nuruddin, N. Shafiq, Effects of micro-structure characteristics of interfacial transition zone on the compressive strength of self-compacting geopolymer concrete, Construction and Building Materials 41 (2013) 91-98.
[70] A. Elimbi, H.K. Tchakoute, D. Njopwouo, Effects of calcination temperature of kaolinite clays on the properties of geopolymer cements, Construction and Building Materials 25(6) (2011) 2805-2812.
[71] J. Temuujin, A. Minjigmaa, M. Lee, N. Chen-Tan, A. van Riessen, Characterisation of class F fly ash geopolymer pastes immersed in acid and alkaline solutions, Cement and Concrete Composites 33(10) (2011) 1086-1091.
[72] F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. Castro-Gomes, S. Jalali, Alkali-activated binders: A review. Part 2. About materials and binders manufacture, Construction and Building Materials 22(7) (2008) 1315-1322.
[73] A. Palomo, M.W. Grutzeck, M.T. Blanco, Alkali-activated fly ashes: A cement for the future, Cement and Concrete Research 29(8) (1999) 1323-1329.
[74] S. Hanjitsuwan, S. Hunpratub, P. Thongbai, S. Maensiri, V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt, Effects of NaOH concentrations on physical and electrical properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer paste, Cement and Concrete Composites 45(0) (2014) 9-14.
[75] A. Islam, U.J. Alengaram, M.Z. Jumaat, I.I. Bashar, The development of compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-fly ash based geopolymer mortar, Materials & Design 56(0) (2014) 833-841.
[76] Z. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Zhu, A. Reid, J.L. Provis, F. Bullen, Using fly ash to partially substitute metakaolin in geopolymer synthesis, Applied Clay Science 88–89(0) (2014) 194-201.
[77] F.-Q. Zhao, W. Ni, H.-J. Wang, H.-J. Liu, Activated fly ash/slag blended cement, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52(2) (2007) 303-313.
[78] S. Zhong, K. Ni, J. Li, Properties of mortars made by uncalcined FGD gypsum-fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag composite binder, Waste management 32(7) (2012) 1468-72.
[79] M. Chi, R. Huang, Binding mechanism and properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortars, Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 291-298.
[80] C. Duran Atiş, Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete, and influence of curing condition, Cement and Concrete Research 35(6) (2005) 1112-1121.
[81] S.K. Nath, S. Kumar, Influence of iron making slags on strength and microstructure of fly ash geopolymer, Construction and Building Materials 38 (2013) 924-930.
[82] U. Rattanasak, K. Pankhet, P. Chindaprasirt, Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer, Int J Miner Metall Mater 18(3) (2011) 364-369.
[83] M. Shariq, J. Prasad, A. Masood, Studies in ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete containing GGBFS, Construction and Building Materials 40(0) (2013) 944-950.
[84] N. Dung, T. Chang, T. Yang, Performance evaluation of an eco-binder made with slag and CFBC fly ash, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 0(ja) null.
[85] D. Rust, R. Rathbone, K.C. Mahboub, T. Robl, Formulating Low-Energy Cement Products, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(9) (2012) 1125-1131.
[86] I.M.A.K. Salain, P. Clastres, J.M. Bursi, C. Pellissier, Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Ashes as an Activator of Ground Vitrified Blast Furnace Slag, Special Publication 202 (2001) 225-244.
[87] J. Bijen, E. Niël, Supersulphated cement from blastfurnace slag and chemical gypsum available in the Netherlands and neighbouring countries, Cement and Concrete Research 11(3) (1981) 307-322.
[88] D. Li, J. Shen, Y. Chen, L. Cheng, X. Wu, Study of properties on fly ash–slag complex cement, Cement and Concrete Research 30(9) (2000) 1381-1387.
[89] M. Singh, M. Garg, Durability of cementing binders based on fly ash and other wastes, Construction and Building Materials 21(11) (2007) 2012-2016.
[90] E. Choi, B.-S. Cho, J.-S. Jeon, S.-J. Yoon, Bond behavior of steel deformed bars embedded in concrete confined by FRP wire jackets, Construction and Building Materials 68(0) (2014) 716-725.
[91] S.-W. Kim, H.-D. Yun, Evaluation of the bond behavior of steel reinforcing bars in recycled fine aggregate concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites 46(0) (2014) 8-18.
[92] X. Zhang, W. Dong, J.-j. Zheng, Z.-m. Wu, Y. Hu, Q.-b. Li, Bond behavior of plain round bars embedded in concrete subjected to lateral tension, Construction and Building Materials 54(0) (2014) 17-26.
[93] P. Helincks, V. Boel, W. De Corte, G. De Schutter, P. Desnerck, Structural behaviour of powder-type self-compacting concrete: Bond performance and shear capacity, Engineering Structures 48(0) (2013) 121-132.
[94] R.H. Haddad, L.G. Shannis, Post-fire behavior of bond between high strength pozzolanic concrete and reinforcing steel, Construction and Building Materials 18(6) (2004) 425-435.
[95] M. Arezoumandi, T.J. Looney, J.S. Volz, Effect of fly ash replacement level on the bond strength of reinforcing steel in concrete beams, Journal of Cleaner Production 87(0) (2015) 745-751.
[96] K.G. Trezos, I.P. Sfikas, K. Orfanopoulos, Bond of self-compacting concrete incorporating silica fume: Top-bar effect, effects of rebar distance from casting point and of rebar-to-concrete relative displacements during setting, Construction and Building Materials 73(0) (2014) 378-390.
[97] F.-J. Ana M., P. Angel, L.-H. Cecilio, Engineering Properties of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Concrete, ACI Materials Journal 103(2) (2006) 106-112.
[98] M. Sofi, J.S.J. van Deventer, P.A. Mendis, G.C. Lukey, Bond performance of reinforcing bars in inorganic polymer concrete (IPC), J Mater Sci 42 (2007) 3107-3116.
[99] P. Sarker, Bond strength of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, Mater Struct 44(5) (2011) 1021-1030.
[100] K.-H. Yang, J.-K. Song, J.-S. Lee, Properties of alkali-activated mortar and concrete using lightweight aggregates, Mater Struct 43(3) (2010) 403-416.
[101] C.-T. Chen, H.-A. Nguyen, T.-P. Chang, T.-R. Yang, T.-D. Nguyen, Performance and microstructural examination on composition of hardened paste with no-cement SFC binder, Construction and Building Materials 76 (2015) 264-272.
[102] G. Sheng, J. Zhai, Q. Li, F. Li, Utilization of fly ash coming from a CFBC boiler co-firing coal and petroleum coke in Portland cement, Fuel 86(16) (2007) 2625-2631.
[103] N.T. Dung, T.-P. Chang, C.-T. Chen, Engineering and sulfate resistance properties of slag-CFBC fly ash paste and mortar, Construction and Building Materials 63 (2014) 40-48.
[104] P. Desnerck, G. De Schutter, L. Taerwe, Bond behaviour of reinforcing bars in self-compacting concrete: experimental determination by using beam tests, Mater Struct 43(1) (2010) 53-62.
[105] W. Zhu, M. Sonebi, P.J.M. Bartos, Bond and interfacial properties of reinforcement in self-compacting concrete, Mater Struct 37(7) (2004) 442-448.
[106] A.N. Givi, S.A. Rashid, F.N.A. Aziz, M.A.M. Salleh, Assessment of the effects of rice husk ash particle size on strength, water permeability and workability of binary blended concrete, Construction and Building Materials 24(11) (2010) 2145-2150.
[107] Y.-H. Lin, Y.-Y. Tyan, T.-P. Chang, C.-Y. Chang, An assessment of optimal mixture for concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates, Cement and Concrete Research 34(8) (2004) 1373-1380.
[108] V.P. Mehrotra, A.S.R. Sai, P.C. Kapur, Plaster of Paris activated supersulfated slag cement, Cement and Concrete Research 12(4) (1982) 463-473.
[109] M. Singh, M. Garg, Activation of gypsum anhydrite-slag mixtures, Cement and Concrete Research 25(2) (1995) 332-338.
[110] M. Singh, M. Garg, Investigation of a durable gypsum binder for building materials, Construction and Building Materials 6(1) (1992) 52-56.
[111] A. Jain, A. Kathuria, A. Kumar, Y. Verma, K. Murari, Combined Use of Non-Destructive Tests for Assessment of Strength of Concrete in Structure, Procedia Engineering 54(0) (2013) 241-251.
[112] M. John Robert Prince, B. Singh, Bond behaviour of deformed steel bars embedded in recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials 49(0) (2013) 852-862.
[113] RILEM/CEB/FIP-RC6/83, Bond Test for Reinforcement Steel: 2. Pull-Out test (Revised Edition), CEB Manual on Concrete Reinforcement Technology (1983).
[114] M.Y.A. Mollah, W. Yu, R. Schennach, D.L. Cocke, A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigation of the early hydration of Portland cement and the influence of sodium lignosulfonate, Cement and Concrete Research 30(2) (2000) 267-273.
[115] R. Ylmén, U. Jäglid, B.-M. Steenari, I. Panas, Early hydration and setting of Portland cement monitored by IR, SEM and Vicat techniques, Cement and Concrete Research 39(5) (2009) 433-439.
[116] T.L. Hughes, C.M. Methven, T.G.J. Jones, S.E. Pelham, P. Fletcher, C. Hall, Determining cement composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Advanced Cement Based Materials 2(3) (1995) 91-104.
[117] J.C.B. Moraes, J.L. Akasaki, J.L.P. Melges, J. Monzó, M.V. Borrachero, L. Soriano, J. Payá, M.M. Tashima, Assessment of sugar cane straw ash (SCSA) as pozzolanic material in blended Portland cement: Microstructural characterization of pastes and mechanical strength of mortars, Construction and Building Materials 94 (2015) 670-677.
[118] G.A.M. Brasileiro, J.A.R. Vieira, L.S. Barreto, Use of coir pith particles in composites with Portland cement, Journal of Environmental Management 131 (2013) 228-238.
[119] A.F. Abdalqader, F. Jin, A. Al-Tabbaa, Development of greener alkali-activated cement: utilisation of sodium carbonate for activating slag and fly ash mixtures, Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 66-75.
[120] X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers, Reaction kinetics, gel character and strength of ambient temperature cured alkali activated slag–fly ash blends, Construction and Building Materials 80 (2015) 105-115.
[121] X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers, Characterization of alkali activated slag–fly ash blends containing nano-silica, Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 397-406.
[122] N.K. Lee, H.K. Lee, Reactivity and reaction products of alkali-activated, fly ash/slag paste, Construction and Building Materials 81 (2015) 303-312.
[123] Y. Liu, W. Zhu, E.-H. Yang, Alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag incorporating incinerator fly ash as a potential binder, Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 1005-1012.
[124] M.A. Salih, N. Farzadnia, A.A. Abang Ali, R. Demirboga, Development of high strength alkali activated binder using palm oil fuel ash and GGBS at ambient temperature, Construction and Building Materials 93 (2015) 289-300.
[125] M. Salman, Ö. Cizer, Y. Pontikes, R. Snellings, L. Vandewalle, B. Blanpain, K.V. Balen, Cementitious binders from activated stainless steel refining slag and the effect of alkali solutions, Journal of Hazardous Materials 286 (2015) 211-219.
[126] J. Temuujin, A. Minjigmaa, B. Davaabal, U. Bayarzul, A. Ankhtuya, T. Jadambaa, K.J.D. MacKenzie, Utilization of radioactive high-calcium Mongolian flyash for the preparation of alkali-activated geopolymers for safe use as construction materials, Ceramics International 40(10, Part B) (2014) 16475-16483.
[127] A. Hajimohammadi, J.L. Provis, J.S.J. van Deventer, Time-resolved and spatially-resolved infrared spectroscopic observation of seeded nucleation controlling geopolymer gel formation, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 357(2) (2011) 384-392.
[128] Z. Zhang, H. Wang, J.L. Provis, F. Bullen, A. Reid, Y. Zhu, Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. The activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide, Thermochimica Acta 539 (2012) 23-33.
[129] M. Criado, A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, Alkali activation of fly ash: Effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio: Part I: FTIR study, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 106(1–3) (2007) 180-191.
[130] X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers, Properties of alkali activated slag–fly ash blends with limestone addition, Cement and Concrete Composites 59 (2015) 119-128.
[131] K. ALTAKYS, E. PRICHOCKIENE, Influence of CaO reactivity on the formation
of low-base calcium silicate hydrates, Materials Science-Poland 28(1) (2010) 295-304.
[132] H.P. Melo, A.J. Cruz, A. Candeias, J. Mirão, A.M. Cardoso, M.J. Oliveira, S. Valadas, Problems of Analysis by FTIR of Calcium Sulphate–Based Preparatory Layers: The Case of a Group of 16th-Century Portuguese Paintings, Archaeometry 56(3) (2014) 513-526.
[133] W. Zhao, H. Yang, C. Huo, Surface nanocrystallization modification of anhydrite, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 393 (2012) 128-132.
[134] N. Asikin-Mijan, Y.H. Taufiq-Yap, H.V. Lee, Synthesis of clamshell derived Ca(OH)2 nano-particles via simple surfactant-hydration treatment, Chemical Engineering Journal 262 (2015) 1043-1051.
[135] M. Darroudi, M. Bagherpour, H.A. Hosseini, M. Ebrahimi, Biopolymer-assisted green synthesis and characterization of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles, Ceramics International 42(3) (2016) 3816-3819.
[136] T. Liu, Y. Zhu, X. Zhang, T. Zhang, T. Zhang, X. Li, Synthesis and characterization of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles by hydrogen plasma-metal reaction method, Materials Letters 64(23) (2010) 2575-2577.
[137] H.-A. Nguyen, T.-P. Chang, C.-T. Chen, T.-R. Yang, T.-D. Nguyen, Physical-chemical characteristics of an eco-friendly binder using ternary mixture of industrial wastes, 2015.
[138] H.-A. Nguyen, T.-P. Chang, J.-Y. Shih, C.-T. Chen, T.-D. Nguyen, Engineering properties and durability of high-strength self-compacting concrete with no-cement SFC binder, Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 670-677.
[139] J. Bensted, S.P. Varna, Some applications of IR and Raman. Spectroscopy in cement chemistry, Part III: Hydration of Portland cement and its constituents, Cement Technology 5(5) (1974) 440-450.
[140] H.F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry. Reedwood Books, Trowbridge, 2nd Edition, 1997.
[141] I. García Lodeiro, A. Fernández-Jimenez, A. Palomo, D.E. Macphee, Effect on fresh C-S-H gels of the simultaneous addition of alkali and aluminium, Cement and Concrete Research 40(1) (2010) 27-32.
[142] P. Yu, R.J. Kirkpatrick, B. Poe, P.F. McMillan, X. Cong, Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H): Near-, Mid-, and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82(3) (1999) 742-748.
[143] I. García-Lodeiro, A. Fernández-Jiménez, M.T. Blanco, A. Palomo, FTIR study of the sol–gel synthesis of cementitious gels: C–S–H and N–A–S–H, J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 45(1) (2008) 63-72.
[144] I. Garcia-Lodeiro, A. Palomo, A. Fernández-Jiménez, D.E. Macphee, Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, Cement and Concrete Research 41(9) (2011) 923-931.
[145] H.-A. Nguyen, T.-P. Chang, J.-Y. Shih, C.-T. Chen, T.-D. Nguyen, Sulfate resistance of low energy SFC no-cement mortar, Construction and Building Materials 102, Part 1 (2016) 239-243.
[146] M.D. Andersen, H.J. Jakobsen, J. Skibsted, Characterization of white Portland cement hydration and the C-S-H structure in the presence of sodium aluminate by 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, Cement and Concrete Research 34(5) (2004) 857-868.
[147] X. Pardal, I. Pochard, A. Nonat, Experimental study of Si–Al substitution in calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) prepared under equilibrium conditions, Cement and Concrete Research 39(8) (2009) 637-643.
[148] J.J. Thomas, D. Rothstein, H.M. Jennings, B.J. Christensen, Effect of hydration temperature on the solubility behavior of Ca-, S-, Al-, and Si-bearing solid phases in Portland cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research 33(12) (2003) 2037-2047.
[149] C.-T. Chen, H.-A. Nguyen, T.-P. Chang, T.-R. Yang, T.-D. Nguyen, Performance and microstructural examination on composition of hardened paste with no-cement SFC binder, Construction and Building Materials 76(0) (2015) 264-272.
[150] E.J. Anthony, A.P. Iribarne, J.V. Iribarne, Study of Hydration During Curing of Residues From Coal Combustion With Limestone Addition, Journal of Energy Resources Technology 119(2) (1997) 89-95.
[151] C. Shi, R.L. Day, Pozzolanic reaction in the presence of chemical activators: Part II — Reaction products and mechanism, Cement and Concrete Research 30(4) (2000) 607-613.
[152] K.-H. Yang, A.-R. Cho, J.-K. Song, S.-H. Nam, Hydration products and strength development of calcium hydroxide-based alkali-activated slag mortars, Construction and Building Materials 29(0) (2012) 410-419.
[153] S.-D. Hwang, K.H. Khayat, O. Bonneau, Performance-Based Specifications of Self-Consolidating Concrete Used in Structural Applications, ACI Materials Journal 103(2) (2006) 121-129.
[154] Q. Zeng, K. Li, T. Fen-chong, P. Dangla, Determination of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction extents for fly-ash cement pastes, Construction and Building Materials 27(1) (2012) 560-569.
[155] ACICommittee363, State-of-the-art report on high strength concrete, ACI 363R-92, In: ACI manual of concrete practice Part I (2005).
[156] A. Castel, S.J. Foster, Bond strength between blended slag and Class F fly ash geopolymer concrete with steel reinforcement, Cement and Concrete Research 72(0) (2015) 48-53.
[157] S.S. Mousavi, M. Dehestani, K.K. Mousavi, Bond strength and development length of steel bar in unconfined self-consolidating concrete, Engineering Structures.
[158] CEB-FIP task group bond models. Bond of reinforcement in concrete, Bulletin No. 10, International federation for structureal concrete (2000).
[159] K. Ganesan, K. Rajagopal, K. Thangavel, Rice husk ash blended cement: Assessment of optimal level of replacement for strength and permeability properties of concrete, Construction and Building Materials 22(8) (2008) 1675-1683.
[160] A.L.G. Gastaldini, M.P. da Silva, F.B. Zamberlan, C.Z. Mostardeiro Neto, Total shrinkage, chloride penetration, and compressive strength of concretes that contain clear-colored rice husk ash, Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014) 369-377.
[161] T.H. Wee, A.K. Suryavanshi, S.S. Tin, Evaluation of Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) Results for Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures, ACI Materials Journal 97(2) (2000) 221-232.
[162] A. Ipavec, T. Vuk, R. Gabrovšek, V. Kaučič, Chloride binding into hydrated blended cements: The influence of limestone and alkalinity, Cement and Concrete Research 48 (2013) 74-85.