乙二醇因其高沸點、低毒性和高能量密度而成為直接酒精燃料電池的安全替代燃料之一。除此之外，為其電催化氧化提供有價值的化學品。鉑基電催化劑是小型酒精燃料電池中最常用的催化劑。然而，Pt的高成本和對有毒中間物質（如CO）的敏感性以及缺乏通用和最合適的合成催化劑和載體的策略阻礙了其大規模應用。在這方面，小尺寸催化劑，如 Pt單原子催化劑 (SAC) 具有高度吸引廣泛的研究興趣，並且它是減少貴金屬使用的有效平台。此外，碳基負載催化劑上的 EGO 也容易受到 CO 中毒的影響，導致反應動力學緩慢。 因此，適當選擇載體、明智地使用這些昂貴且稀缺的催化劑以及適當設計合成方法至關重要。 催化劑載體的設計和性質對催化性能有顯著影響。
在第一個工作中，通過水熱輔助共沉澱法設計並成功合成了一種由 Pt 單原子沉積在二氧化鈦載體（PtSAC/TiO2）上組成的低成本、高活性和選擇性佳的電催化劑。通過高角度環形暗場掃描透射電子顯微鏡 (HAADF-STEM) 圖像和傅立葉變換延伸 X 射線吸收精細光譜 (FT-EXAFS) 證實了 PtSAC/TiO2 的形成。 HAADF-STEM 圖像顯示 Pt 原子很好地分散在載體上，FT-EXAFS 光譜顯示沒有 Pt-Pt 配位，證實 PtSAC 已成功合成。該催化劑對 EG 的電化學氧化表現出高活性、選擇性和穩定性。我們是第一個應用 PtSAC 將 EG 部分氧化為增值化學品的實驗室。 Pt 和 TiO2 之間的強金屬載體相互作用 (SMSI) 以及相同 Pt 活性位點的可用性提高了 PtSAC/TiO2 的催化選擇性。這有助於 EG 在 PtSAC/TiO2 上氧化，產生乙醇酸鹽和甲酸鹽。 PtSAC 和 EG 之間較高的表面接觸導致對 EGO 的催化性能提高。我們的穩定性測試表明，PtSAC/TiO2 表現出較慢的電流衰減速率和較高的氧化電流密度，從而提供更好的電催化活性和穩定性。合成後的 PtSAC/TiO2 催化劑具有 99.7% 的優異法拉第效率和高穩定性。
在第二個工作中，研究了過渡金屬鎳摻雜二氧化鈦，作為催化劑載體對 EGO 的影響。在這裡，我們在 Ni 摻雜的 TiO2 載體上設計並開發了一種高效、低成本、高活性、高選擇性和耐 CO 的 Pt 單原子系統，其中 Ni 與 Ti 的比例為 1:9 (PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2) 使用水熱輔助共沉澱法。 HAADF-STEM 圖像和 FT-EXAFS 光譜揭示了 PtSAC 成功合成在 Ni 摻雜的 TiO2 上。催化劑 PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2 增強了對 EGO 的電化學性能，使其成為鹼性介質中的高價值化學品。該催化劑表現出比其 Pt 奈米顆粒對應物和未摻雜的 PtSAC 對應物 (PtSAC-TiO2) 更好的性能。 Ni在催化劑體系中的加入大大提高了催化劑的活性、選擇性和對EGO的CO耐受性。 Ni 為 OH-, 这有助于将CO毒物从催 化剂表面氧化成CO2.電化學測試清楚地表明，催化劑體系中摻雜的 Ni 參與了表面反應 EGO。 PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2 在 EGO 中的高活性和選擇性可能是由於 Ni 和 Pt 之間的協同作用。催化劑和載體之間的SMSI提高了產物的催化選擇性。該催化劑選擇性地產生了乙醇酸鹽、甲酸鹽和氫氣。催化劑和載體之間的SMSI對於通過增加它們的穩定性來阻止單原子團聚。合成後的 PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2 具有超過 98% 的出色法拉第效率，並且在 12 小時的測試時間內具有很高的穩定性。

Ethylene glycol, EG has emerged as one of the safe alternative fuels for direct alcohol fuel cells, DAFCs because of its high boiling point, minimal toxicity, high energy density, along with less noticeable crossover. Beyond these, EG provides valuable chemicals on its electrocatalytic oxidation, EGO. Pt-based electrocatalysts are the most commonly used catalysts in small alcohol fuel cells. However, the high cost, scarcity, and susceptibility of Pt to poisonous intermediate species such as CO and the lack of universal and best-fit strategy to synthesize catalysts and supports hinder its large-scale applications. In this regard, downsizing catalysts such as Pt to single-atom catalysts (SACs) have highly fascinated extensive research interests and it is an interesting platform for minimizing noble metal usages.
Moreover, EGO on carbon-based supported catalysts is also susceptible to CO poisoning leading to sluggish reaction kinetics. So, an appropriate choice of support, the wise use of these costly and scarce catalysts, and the appropriate design of the synthesis method are crucial. The design and the nature of the catalyst support have shown significant effects on the catalytic performances.
In our first approach, we designed and successfully synthesized an efficient, low-cost, highly active, and selective electrochemical catalyst consisting of Pt single atoms on titanium oxide support (PtSAC/TiO2) via hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation method, which is simple, fast, and efficient. This formation of PtSAC/TiO2 was confirmed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) image and Fourier-transformed extended X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy (FT-EXAFS). HAADF-STEM images have shown that Pt atoms are well dispersed on the supports and FT- EXAFS spectra have shown no Pt–Pt coordination confirming that PtSACs are successfully synthesized. The catalyst demonstrated high activity, selectivity, and stability for electrochemical oxidation of EG. We are the first to apply PtSACs for partial oxidation of EG to value-added chemicals. The strong metal support interactions (SMSI) between Pt and TiO2 and the availability of identical Pt active sites enhanced the catalytic selectivity of PtSAC/TiO2. These help EG oxidation on PtSAC/TiO2 to produce glycolate and formate selectively. The higher surface contacts between PtSAC and EG lead to an improved catalytic performance towards EGO. Our stability tests demonstrated that PtSAC/TiO2 showed a slower current decay rate and higher oxidation current density, thus providing better electrocatalytic activity and stability. The as-synthesized PtSAC/TiO2 catalyst exhibits an excellent Faradaic efficiency of 99.7% and high stability.
In the second approach, the effect of Ni (transition metal) as Ni-doped TiO2 was investigated as catalyst support towards EGO. Here we designed and developed an efficient, low-cost, highly active, selective, and CO tolerant Pt-based SACs on Ni-doped TiO2 support in which the Ni to Ti ratio was 1:9 (PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2) using hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation method. The HAADF-STEM image and FT- EXAFS spectra disclose the successful synthesis of PtSAC on Ni-doped TiO2. The catalyst PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2 has enhanced electrochemical performance towards EGO to value-added chemicals in alkaline media. This catalyst has shown even better performance than both its Pt nanoparticle counterpart and the undoped PtSAC counterpart (PtSAC-TiO2). The incorporation of Ni in the catalyst system highly increased the catalyst's activity, selectivity, and CO tolerance of the catalyst towards EGO. Ni has provided adsorption sites for OH- which helps to oxidize the CO poison to CO2 from the catalyst surface. The electrochemical tests have clearly shown that the doped Ni in the catalysts system participates in the surface reaction, EGO. The high activity and selectivity of PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2 in EGO may result from synergistic effects between Ni and Pt. SMSI between the catalyst and the supports enhanced catalytic selectivity of products. The catalyst has selectively produced glycolate, formate, and hydrogen. The SMSI between the catalyst and the support is very important to retard the sintering and agglomeration of single atoms there by increasing their stability. The as-synthesized PtSAC-Ni0.1Ti0.9O2 has shown an excellent Faradaic efficiency of greater than 98%, and high stability within 12 hours of testing time.

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