應用微粒影像測速儀於口罩－口罩支架組合與其氣體洩漏表現之研究

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研究生：	Dasari Aditya Anshuman Dasari Aditya Anshuman
論文名稱：	應用微粒影像測速儀於口罩－口罩支架組合與其氣體洩漏表現之研究 Study of the Air Leakage Performance of Mask-Maskframe Combinations using Particle Image Velocimetry
指導教授：	田維欣 Wei-Hsin Tien
口試委員:	溫琮毅 Tsrong-Yi Wen 蘇裕軒 Yu-Hsuan Su
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 機械工程系 Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年：	2023
畢業學年度：	111
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	211
中文關鍵詞：	SARS-CoV-2 、面罩、面罩框架、流動可視化、微粒影像測速、空氣洩漏
外文關鍵詞：	SARS-CoV-2, Facemasks, Maskframe, Flow Visualization, Particle Image Velocimetry, Air leakage
相關次數：	點閱：221 下載：3
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SARS-Cov-2 病毒會導致感染者嚴重肺部感染，並在患者咳嗽時以氣溶膠形式在空氣中迅速傳播。本研究利用微粒影像測速儀(PIV)以實驗方式測試了一種新穎的面罩框架設計並檢視其性能表現。該面罩框架可以佩戴在現有面罩設計下。此面罩框架設計可將從佩戴者的嘴和鼻孔呼出之氣流分離，從而使得通過面罩的呼吸更加容易。一個可對面罩框架進行流場可視化測試的實驗平台被建立起來測試不同種類的面罩-面罩框架組合，包括3D列印建模之配戴者臉部模型，以了解其各自對於分離自鼻孔與嘴呼出之氣流之效能。呼吸活動期間之洩漏率亦由PIV量測結果估算而得。總共 9 種面罩-面罩框架組合被測試過，其中測試了三種呼吸頻率（正常、輕度和深呼吸）的情況，其中包含三種面罩設計、新型面罩框架以及另一種市售之面罩框架，來比較其中哪種組合最能限制洩漏至附近環境之呼氣漏率，並估算經由兩側及上方洩漏之呼氣洩漏率。這種新穎的面罩框架已經用一組面罩進行了測試，以確定最有效的面罩-面罩框架組合，以限制呼出的空氣洩漏到附近。實驗結果顯示，新型面罩框架比商用面罩框架更有效，並且可以成功地將氣流與鼻子和嘴巴分開。9 種組合在遏制呼氣洩漏的能力方面則存在顯著差異，其中以4D 面罩與新型面罩框架的組合最為有效，其深呼吸時的洩漏率僅為 1.92% (0.8 L/s)。最後，4D 面罩被確定為測試的三種面罩類型中最有效的，深呼吸情況時的洩漏率僅為 2.94%。

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes severe pulmonary infections in the infected person, and propagates rapidly through the air in an aerosolized form when the afflicted patient coughs. In this study, a novel design of a maskframe – which can be worn under existing facemask designs, was experimentally validated and the performances were investigated with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The proposed design of the maskframe can separate the airflow from the mouth and the nostrils of the wearer and makes it easier to breathe through the mask. An experimental platform to conduct flow visualization tests on the maskframe has been established, to test the various mask-maskframe combinations with a 3D-printed mock-up facial model for their effectiveness in separating the airflow from the nostrils and mouth. Leakage during breathing activities were also estimated from the PIV results. A total of 9 mask-maskframe combinations have been tested over three breathing rates – normal, mild and deep, including the proposed novel maskframe and one commercially available maskframe, together with three kinds of masks commercially available, to compare the effectiveness of each mask-maskframe combination for limiting the leakage of exhaled air into the vicinity from the sides and top of the mask-maskframe combinations. The results show that that the novel maskframe is more effective than the commercial maskframe, and that it can successfully separate the airstreams from the nose and the mouth. The 9 combinations significantly differ in their ability to contain the leakage of exhaled air, and the combination of a 4D mask with the novel maskframe is the most effective one, registering only 1.92% leakage rate at deep breathing (0.8 L/s). Finally, the 4D mask is the most effective out of the three mask types tested, registering only a 2.94% leakage rate at deep breathing condition.

摘要    2
ABSTRACT    4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS    6
TABLE OF CONTENTS    7
LIST OF FIGURES    9
LIST OF TABLES    14
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION    16
1    Motivation    16
1.1 The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on human society    16
1.2 Mitigation policies and their effectiveness    17
1.3 The need for improving face mask designs    19
2 Viral Transmission and its Mitigation via Face Masks    20
2.1 Transmission Dynamics of Pathogen Spread    20
2.2 Evidence for effectiveness of Face Masks in controlling Viral Transmission    22
3 Role of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in the Production of Face Masks    24
4 Analysis of face mask design    26
4.1 Application of Computational fluid dynamics in facemask design    26
4.2. Need for experimental validation of simulations    28
5. Experimental validation of facemasks    29
5.1. Experimental platforms for analysing facemasks    29
5.2 PIV analysis of breathing patterns through facemasks    33
5.3 Summary of Previous Work done    35
6. Novel 3D-printed Maskframe    40
7. Objectives of the Study    42
8 Contributions of this Study    43
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY    44
1    Aim of the Study    44
2    Experimental Principles    45
1.1 Flow Visualization    45
1.2 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)    47
3    Experimental Setup    48
3.1 Face Model    49
3.2 Experiment Domain    50
3.3 High-Speed Camera    51
3.4 Laser and Optics    51
3.5 Light-reflective particles    52
3.6 Breathing System    52
4 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Procedure    53
5 Experimental Procedure and Parameters    54
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS    58
1 Flow Visualisation results of Novel Maskframe    58
2 Results    63
2.1 Normal Breathing – 0.2 L/s    63
2.2 Mild Breathing – 0.4 L/s    106
2.3 Deep Breathing – 0.8 L/s    143
3 Discussions    180
3.1 Normal Breathing – 0.2 L/s    180
3.2 Mild Breathing – 0.4 L/s    185
3.3 Deep Breathing – 0.8 L/s    188
3.4 Trends in Average Velocity Magnitudes    193
3.5 Air Leakage Ratio for each Mask-Maskframe Combination    198
4 Design Improvements for Commercial and Novel Maskframes    203
5 Limitations of the Study    204
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK    205
1 Conclusions    205
2 Future Work    207
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES    208


                                

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