從曼陀羅種子中生產生質柴油｜國立臺灣科技大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	劉穎聰 Ying-Tsung Liu
論文名稱：	從曼陀羅種子中生產生質柴油 Production of Biodiesel from Datura stramonium Seeds
指導教授：	朱義旭 Yi-Hsu Ju
口試委員:	Suryadi Ismadji Suryadi Ismadji Truong Chi Thanh Truong Chi Thanh
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	63
中文關鍵詞：	蔓陀蘿種子、生質柴油、脂肪酸、中性脂質、次臨界水、甲醇、醋酸
外文關鍵詞：	Datura stramonium seeds, biodiesel, fatty acid, neutral lipids, subcritical water, methanol, acetic acid.
相關次數：	點閱：461 下載：4
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上一筆

在本研究中，次臨界水前處理被用來最佳化曼陀羅種子中脂質的萃取。在此研究中探討處理溫度(150, 175 or 200 oC)、含水量(2, 5 or 10 mL/g biomass)和反應時間的(15, 30 or 60 min)對於脂質產率的影響。結果顯示在175 oC 下、5 mL 的水及反應時間15 分鐘的條件下可以得到最大脂質產率為(35.64 %, w/w)。

沒有經過次臨界水前處理的可萃取的脂質含量為17.33%。然而，經及未經次臨界水前處理的脂肪酸的分佈，沒有顯著的差異。

曼陀羅種子與直接與甲醇及水在次臨界狀態下(250 oC, 40 bar)反應，醋酸的效果在此原位點轉酯化反應中被探討。結果顯示此方法能在合理的時間內達到高的生質柴油產率。

In this study, subcritical water treatment was used to maximize lipid extraction from Datura stramonium seeds. The effects of temperature (150, 175 or 200 oC), amount of water (2, 5 or 10 mL/g biomass) and time (15, 30 or 60 min) on lipid yield were studied. The results show that maximum amount of extracted lipid (35.64 %, w/w) could be achieved after the seeds were treated by subcritical water at 175 oC using 5 mL water for 15 min. The maximum lipid extracted from seeds without subcritical treatment was 17.33%. However, there is no observable difference between the fatty acid profiles of neutral lipids obtained from seeds with and without subcritical water treatment.
Datura stramonium seeds were reacted directly with methanol and acetic acid under subcritical condition (250 oC, 40 bar). The effect of adding acetic acid to in-situ transesterification reaction was studied. Result shows that this proposed method was able to give high biodiesel yield in reasonably short time.

Table of Contents

Abstract (Chinese)……………………………………………………………………..I

Abstract (English) ………………………………………………………………….…II

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………...III

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………IV

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….VII

List of Tables……………………………………………………………..…………..IX

Chapter 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..1
1.1. Background of this study….......................................................................1
1.2. Objective of this study…...………………………………………………4
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature………… …………………………...………5
2.1. Thorn apple (Datura stramonium)...…………..………………………...5
2.2. Maximizing extractable lipids...…………..………………………….….7
2.2.1 Size Reduction...……..………………………………………..……7
2.2.2 Sub and supercritical solvents...……..………………..……………7
2.3. Subcritical water and its characteristics……………………………...….8
2.4. In-situ and catalyst free methods of biodiesel production..……….…….9
2.4.1 In-situ (trans)esterification..………………………….…………….9
2.4.2 Supercritical alcohols (trans)esterification..………..………….….10
2.4.3 Two-step supercritical (trans)esterification..………………...……12
2.4.4 In-situ SCW-methanol (trans)esterification…………………….…13
2.4.5 In-situ supercritical (trans)esterification…………...………….…14

Chapter 3. Materials and Methods……………………………...……………………16

3.1. Materials…………………………………………………...…………...16
3.2. Characterization of seed and oil………………….…………………….16
3.2.1 Moisture content of seeds…………………………………………16
3.2.2 Crude lipid content of seed………………………………………..16
3.2.3 Lipid characterization…………………………………………..…17
3.3. Subcritical water-pretreatment………………………………....………19
3.4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging…………….…………..21
3.5. Gas chromatography analysis………………………………..…………21
3.6 In-situ subcritical acetic acid assisted transesterification……………….22
3.7 In-situ acid-base catalyzed transesterification……………..……………23
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion………………………………...…………………26
4.1. Improving oil yield and productivity…………………………………29
4.1.1 Effects of seed pretreatment method……………………………...30
4.1.2 Effects of temperature and particle size on SCW pretreatment…..36
4.1.3 Effects of water loading and time on SCW pretreatment…………38
4.1.4 Effect of SCWpretreatment on oil quality………………………...39
4.2 In-situ transesterification of Datura stramonium oil……………………………..42
4.2.1 Effects of different in-situ methods on biodiesel production from D. stramonium…………………………………………………………………………...42
Chapter 5. Conclusions………………………………………………………………47
References……………………………………………………………………..……..48


 
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. Distribution of Datura stramonium L. across the world………………….5
Figure 2.2 Datura stramonium L. A. habit, upper part of plant B. cauline leaf; C. ripe capsule; D. seeds………………………………………………………………………6
Fig. 3.1 Flowchart for saponification and fatty acid profile determination procedure………………………………………………………………………….….19
Fig. 3.2 Subcritical Water Reactor (1. Nitrogen gas cylinder, 2. safety valve, 3. Check valve, 4. Inlet valve 5. Pressure gauge, 6. Filter, 7. Outlet valve, 8. Reactor, 9. Glass chamber)……………………………………………………………………………..20
Fig. 3.3 Flowchart for acid/base catalyzed in-situ transesterification process……………………………………………………………………….……….25
Fig. 4.1. Effects of various pretreatment on D. stramonium crude oil yield…………………………………………………………………………………..33
Fig. 4.2. SEM images of D. stramonium whole seeds (x50 top row, x500 right bottom row, 5kV). Untreated seeds (a and b); SCW treated at 175 °C for 15 min (c and d) after extraction………………………………………………………….................….34
Fig. 4.3. SEM images of D. stramonium whole seeds (x50 magnification, 5kV) treated for 15 min, using: a. SCW; b. direct ultrasonication; c. indirect ultrasonication; d. grinding with mortar and pestle………………………………………….………..35
Fig. 4.4. SEM images of D. stramonium kernel (x500 magnification, 5kV) treated with SCW at 175 °C for 15 min. From left to right: untreated, treated but unextracted, treated and extracted………………………………………………………….………35
Fig. 4.5. Effects of temperature and particle size on D. stramonium crude oil yield, SCW pretreated for 15 min at solid to water ratio = 1:5.  Results are average of duplicate experiments and calculations were based on initial biomass used…………………………………………………………………………………...37
Fig. 4.6. Effects of water loading on DSO yield, SCW pretreated at 175 °C for 15 min……………………………………………………………………………………38
Fig. 4.7. Effects of time on DSO yield, SCW pretreated at 175 °C and a solid to water ratio of 1:5……………………………………………………………………………39
Fig. 4.8. Effects of SCW pretreatment (175 °C, 15 min) on DSO quality…………...40
Fig. 4.9. A step-by-step comparison of various biodiesel production method from D. stramonium using conventional and in-situ processes………………….…………....45



 
List of Tables
Table 4.1. Composition of crude D. stramonium lipids……………………………...26
Table 4.2. Typical fatty acid profile (wt. %) of oils used to produce biodiesel…...…28
Table 4.3. Compositions of extracted lipids from pretreated seed samples…….……41
Table 4.4. Fatty acids profiles of lipids from pretreated seed samples..…..…………42
Table 4.5. In-situ transesterification of D. stramonium seeds……………………….43

                                

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