本研究探討使用碳酸鈉作為緩凝劑體積取代由偏矽酸鈉作為鹼激發劑之單劑型爐石基鹼激發漿體(alkali-activated paste)，以解決偏矽酸鈉所造成凝結時間過短之問題。由於使用碳酸鈉作為激發劑有降低抗壓強度之現象，故本試驗規劃使用不同富矽材料(稻殼灰、矽灰、玻璃粉)體積取代爐石粉以改善抗壓強度。試驗分為三階段，分別為前導試驗、第一階段試驗、第二階段試驗。主要試驗變數為鹼激發劑比例(10%、12%、14%、16%)、碳酸鈉取代率(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%)及不同富矽材料取代率(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)；性能指標包含新拌性質(凝結時間、坍流度、水化熱)、硬固性質(抗壓強度、長度變化率、熱傳導係數)及微觀分析(XRD、SEM、NMR)。
前導試驗之目的為決定水固比，變數為0.3、0.4、0.5，當水固比使用0.3時，凝結時間過短難以澆置，水固比為0.5時28天強度最低，綜合評估凝結時間、坍流度、28天抗壓強度後，以水固比0.4最為合適；第一階段試驗中，鹼激發劑比率升高導致凝結膠體凝結時間縮短，16%時初凝時間僅為15分鐘；使用碳酸鈉取代偏矽酸鈉具有顯著緩凝效果，但於碳酸鈉取代率為75%時，呈現出最長初凝時間，甚至出現三天齡期時，尚未硬固及未發展出強度；抗壓強度大致上隨著碳酸鈉之取代量增加而減少，長度變化率隨著碳酸鈉取代率增加而增加，使用過多碳酸鈉易造成試體表面產生白色粉末堆積，該產物不利於耐久性，因此，最適宜鹼激發劑比率及碳酸鈉取代率分別為12%及25%；第二階段試驗結果顯示：(1)使用稻殼灰取代部分爐石將增加漿體凝結時間，稻殼灰之取代有助於提升漿體之早期與晚期強度，其中以稻殼灰取代量10%之組別較為明顯；隨著稻殼灰取代率增加，漿體長度變化率下降，具有改善漿體體積穩定性之效果。(2)使用矽灰取代爐石粉具有延長漿體凝結時間之效果；抗壓強度方面，僅在取代率5%時有助於提高漿體早期強度，其餘取代量及齡期皆無發現提升之現象；漿體體積穩定性則是各比例皆能減少長度變化率，其中取代率5%時最佳，隨著矽灰取代率增加，漿體長度變化率再次增加，建議取代率為5%(或<10%)。(3)玻璃粉取代爐石之漿體初凝時間除取代率20%外，其餘取代率之凝結時間皆與0%時相近；漿體28天抗壓強度僅在玻璃粉取代率為10%時具有增強之效果；玻璃粉對於漿體長度變化率之改善效果較不明顯。(4)使用碳酸鈉造成試體表面產生白色粉末堆積，依據XRD分析此粉末為碳酸鈣，SEM可看出該表面具有許多孔隙。經過NMR分析顯示，添加碳酸鈉後導致Q2(2Al)增加與Q2(1Al)減少，推估為抗壓強度下降之可能原因；然而，使用稻殼灰與矽灰取代後可再次增加Q2(1Al)，然而玻璃粉之反應性較低，較無此效果。

This study explores the effects of using sodium carbonate as a retarder to replace sodium silicate as an alkali activator in one-part ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) based alkali activated paste to allivate the issue of its quick setting caused by using sodium silicate. Because sodium carbonate being an activator may reduce the compressive strength of paste, this study using some silicon-rich material(rice husk ash, silica fume, glass powder) to partly replace GGBFS to increase compressive strength. There are three steps for experiment, including pilot, first step, and second step. The main variables are alkali actvator ratio (10%, 12%, 14%, 16%), sodium silicate replacement percentage (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%), and different silicon rich materials’ replacement percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%); prformance property including fresh properties(setting time, flowbility, hydration heat), harden property(compressive strength, shrinkage, thermal conductivity), and microscopic analysis(XRD, SEM, NMR).
The purpose of pilot experiment is deciding the sufficient water/solid ratio for first step and second step, variables for pilot experiment are w/s =0.3, 0.4, 0.5. The result shows, when w/s=0.3, the harden is too quick to cast; and when w/s=0.5 has lowest compressive strength on age 28 days; therefore, comparing whole experiment, the w/s=0.4 is the best for first and second step experiment. For first step experiment, the results show that setting time decreases with increasing proportion of alkali activator. When the alkali activator is 16%, the initial setting is only 15 miuntes; the use of sodium carbonate has a good effect on increasing the setting time; however, the setting time seems to be the longest when sodium carbonat replacement is 75%, some specimens even don’t harden and develop strength on age three days. The compressive strength decreases with increasing proportion of sodium carbonate. The skrinkage increases when sodium carbonate increases, and using excess among of sodium carbonate may cause accumulation of white powder on the surface of specimen, the product is unfavorable for durability. Therefore, the suitable alkali actvator ratio and sodium carbonate replacement are 12% and 25%, respectly. The second step experiment result shows: (1) Using rice husk ash to replace some slag can increase setting time but decrease flowbility, and it can increase the early and later strength of paste. 10% replacement has an obvious effect. For volumn stability, using rice husk ash can decrease the skrinkag. (2) For silica fume’s replacement, silica fume can increase the setting but decrease the flowbility, just 5% replacement can increase the early strength, but there is no positive effect for other replacement and other ages. Silica fume also can decrease the skrinkage, and 5% is the best replacement, because over 5% will cause the skrinkage increase again. (3) Except 20% replacement of glass powder, the initial setting time of glass powder’s replacement is similar to 0% replacement. Glass powder cannot increase the early strength of paste, but 10% has a little bit positive effect for age 28 days. There is no obsive improvement for skrinkage by using glass powder. (4) Using sodium carbonate causes accumulation of white powder on the specimen surface, according to XRD analysis, that powder is calcium carbonate, and according SEM image, that white powder with a large amount of pores. According to NMR analysis results, using sodium carbonate causes increasement of Q2(2Al) and decreasement of Q2(1Al), it should be the reason of decrease of compressive strength, however, using RHA and SF are able to increase Q2(1Al), but GP doesn’t have this effect because of its low reactivity.

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