Miniemulsion/miniemulsion polymerization dealing with interfacial behavior, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and polymerization

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研究生：	林均達 Chun-Ta Lin
論文名稱：	Miniemulsion/miniemulsion polymerization dealing with interfacial behavior, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and polymerization Miniemulsion/miniemulsion polymerization dealing with interfacial behavior, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and polymerization
指導教授：	陳崇賢 Chorng-Shyan Chern
口試委員:	邱文英 none 林析右 none 陳立仁 none 戴子安 none
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2015
畢業學年度：	103
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	145
中文關鍵詞：	miniemulsion 、ostwald ripening 、regular solution 、polymeric costabilizer 、RAFT miniemulsion polymerization.
外文關鍵詞：	miniemulsion, ostwald ripening, regular solution, polymeric costabilizer, RAFT miniemulsion polymerization.
相關次數：	點閱：359 下載：3
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上一筆

迷你乳化聚合反應係將一不溶於水之小分子量共同安定劑溶解於疏水性單體中，再利用一乳化均質機將此單體混合物與界面活性劑水溶液相混合以製備迷你乳液，由於所產生之乳化單體油滴非常的小（直徑約在 101-102 nm 範圍），致使其所具有之油－水界面面積非常的大，因此在隨後的迷你乳化聚合反應中，這些次微米級之單體油滴粒子即可極有效率地捕捉存在於水連續相中的寡聚自由基而形成聚合體粒子核心。而高分子型共同安定劑在抑制迷你乳液之奧斯瓦老化行為方面，表現的與傳統小分子共同安定劑截然不同。故本研究計劃擬建立一可應用於極廣共同安定劑濃度範圍之理論模式來描述迷你乳液組成分子間（單體/共同安定劑）極其複雜的交互作用對其膠體安定性之影響，不論使用傳統的共同安定劑或高分子型共同安定劑。並使用高分子型共同安定劑探討混合型粒子核心形成機構（單體油滴粒子核心形成程序／均質粒子核心形成程序），建立一反應動力學模式來預測迷你乳化（共）聚合反應所產生之聚合體粒子濃度、聚合體粒子粒徑與粒徑分佈、每顆聚合體粒子所含平均自由基之數目、聚合反應速率以及高分子分子量與分子量分佈等。

The modified Kabal’nov equation developed by a thermodynamic approach dealing with a regular solution of monomer and conventional low molecular weight costabilizer as the two-component disperse phase adequately described the Ostwald ripening rate data in a wide range of the volume fraction of costabilizer for styrene miniemulsions stabilized by a homolog of n-alkane costabilizers (CnH2n+2; n=10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 32) upon aging at 25 ℃. The results showed that the costabilizer with the shortest chain length (C10H22) is not hydrophobic enough to effectively retard the Ostwald ripening process. The effectiveness of n-alkanes as costabilizer in suppressing the Ostwald ripening process increases with increasing n-alkane molecular weight. Nevertheless, further increasing the n-alkane chain length from C24H50 to C32H66 does not lead to significant improvement in the effectiveness of n-alkane as costabilizer.
Another mechanistic model that describes the Ostwald ripening behavior with a regular solution of monomer (styrene (ST) herein) and different polymeric costabilizers as the disperse phase of miniemulsion in such a colloidal system was developed. The validity of this model was verified by the Ostwald ripening rate data obtained from ST miniemulsions stabilized by living polystyrene costabilizer (PSlc) or polystyrene costabilizer (PSc) upon aging at 25 ℃. PSlc is more effective in retarding the Ostwald ripening process than PSc, though PSlc and PSc have comparable number-average molecular weights. The model can be also used to study the mutual interaction between monomer and polymeric costabilizer. Satisfactory modeling results achieved for ST miniemulsions using polymethyl methacrylate as the costabilizer (PMMAc) further verify the general validity of the present model. The values of heat of mixing and interaction parameter between ST and different polymeric costabilizers were also determined.
We then investigated the effects of the molecular weight of PSc and PMMAc on the Ostwald ripening behavior at 25 ℃ of ST miniemulsions and the polymerization of these miniemulsions. The effectiveness of PSc and PMMAc in retarding the diffusional degradation of ST miniemulsions decreases with increasing the molecular weight of PSc or PMMAc. The Ostwald ripening rate data were used to determine the critical chain length of polymeric costabilizers to induce chain entanglements. The resultant critical chain length to induce chain entanglements is 363871475 and 7668521 g mol-1 for PSc and PMMAc, respectively, which are comparable to those reported in the literature. The polymerization of the ST miniemulsions stabilized by PMMAc with different molecular weights at 70 ℃ were then carried out. The polymerization rate decreases with increasing the polymeric costabilizer molecular weight. This was attributed to the reduced number of latex particles (i.e., reaction loci) with the polymeric costabilizer molecular weight. The miniemulsion polymerization kinetics is primarily controlled by the particle nucleation process (the competition between the monomer droplet nucleation and homogeneous nucleation), which is closely related to the effectiveness of these costabilizers in retarding the Ostwald ripening process.
Finally, RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations of styrene with living polystyrene (PSlc) serving as both RAFT reagent and polymer costabilizer were discussed. The miniemulsion upon aging at 25 oC showed satisfactory stability against the Ostwald Ripening process. The rate of polymerization for RAFT miniemulsion polymerization initiated by oil-soluble AIBN is much slower than that for the water-soluble SPS counterpart. In addition to the predominant monomer droplet nucleation, much stronger particle nucleation taking place in the continuous aqueous phase (homogeneous nucleation) for the run with AIBN was observed. It is the different extents of homogeneous nucleation that is responsible for the quite different kinetic behaviors between the RAFT miniemulsion polymerizations initiated by different types of initiator (AIBN versus SPS). Furthermore, increasing initial molar ratio of RAFT reagent to AIBN greatly enhances the characteristics of RAFT polymerization (i.e., better control over polymer chain growth with the progress of polymerization).

Contents

ContentsI
List of TablesVI
List of SchemesVII
List of FiguresVII
Chapter 1 Introduction1
1.1 Miniemulsion stability and polymerization1
1.2 RAFT miniemulsion polymerization5
1.3 The framework of this research7
1.4 Reference10
Chapter 2 Modeling Ostwald ripening rate of styrene miniemulsions stabilized by a homolog of n-alkane costabilizers16
2.1 Introduction17
2.2 Model Development20
2.2.1 Partial molar Gibbs free energy of a regular solution20
2.2.2 Excess chemical potential of component 1 (e.g., monomer) in the two-component disperse phase system for the case of zero solubility of component 2 (e.g., costabilizer) in water22
2.2.3 Ostwald ripening rate in the two-component disperse phase system for the case of nonzero solubility of component 2 in water26
2.3 Modeling the Ostwald ripening rate of styrene miniemulsions stabilized by a homolog of n-alkanes30
2.4 Conclusion40
2.5 References 42
Chapter 3 Modeling the role of polymeric costabilizers in retarding Ostwald ripening involved in styrene miniemulsions.46
3.1 Introduction47
3.2 Model Development49
3.2.1 Partial molar free energy of monomer in the presence of polymer in a two-component disperse phase system49
3.2.2 Excess chemical potential of monomer in the two-component disperse phase system for the case of zero solubility of polymeric costabilizer in water51
3.2.3 Ostwald ripening rate in the two-component disperse phase system for the case of nonzero solubility of polymeric costabilizer in water55
3.3 Experimental59
3.3.1 Materials59
3.3.2 Preparation and characterization of living polystyrene costabilizer60
3.3.3 Preparation and characterization of miniemulsions62
3.4 Results and discussion63
3.4.1 Characterization of living polystyrene costabilizer and polystyrene costabilizer63
3.4.2 Ostwald ripening behavior of ST miniemulsions64
3.5 Conclusion71
3.6 References73
Chapter 4 Effects of the molecular weight of polymeric costabilizers on the Ostwald ripening behavior and the polymerization kinetics of styrene miniemulsions77
4.1 Introduction79
4.2 Experimental82
4.2.1 Materials82
4.2.2 Preparation and characterization of polymeric costabilizers83
4.2.3 Preparation and characterization of miniemulsions85
4.2.4 ST miniemulsion polymerization kinetics86
4.3 Results and discussion87
4.3.1 Ostwald ripening behavior of ST miniemulsions87
4.3.2 Polymerization kinetics of ST miniemulsions96
4.5 Conclusion101
4.6 References103
Chapter 5 Effect of living polystyrene costabilizer on styrene miniemulsion polymerization109
5.1 Introduction110
5.2 Experimental113
5.2.1 Materials113
5.2.2 Preparation and characterization of living polystyrene costabilizer114
5.2.3 Preparation and characterization of miniemulsions116
5.2.4 ST miniemulsion polymerization kinetics116
5.3 Results and discussion117
5.3.1 Characterization of living polystyrene costabilizer117
5.3.2 Ostwald ripening behavior of ST miniemulsions120
5.3.2.1 Effect of polymer costabilizer molecular weight120
5.3.2.2 Ostwald ripening rate of ST miniemulsions121
5.3.3 Polymerization kinetics of ST miniemulsions122
5.4 Conclusion135
5.5 References 137
Chapter 6 Conclusion141
List of Tables
Chapter 2 Table 132
Chapter 2 Table 233
Chapter 3 Table 167
Chapter 4 Table 184
Chapter 4 Table 294
Chapter 4 Table 3101
List of Schemes
Chapter 2 Scheme 121
Chapter 2 Scheme 224
Chapter 5 Scheme 1111
List of FIgures
Chapter 2 Figure 125
Chapter 2 Figure 229
Chapter 2 Figure 332
Chapter 2 Figure 435
Chapter 2 Figure 535
Chapter 2 Figure 636
Chapter 2 Figure 739
Chapter 3 Figure 150
Chapter 3 Figure 264
Chapter 3 Figure 364
Chapter 3 Figure 466
Chapter 3 Figure 570
Chapter 3 Figure 670
Chapter 4 Figure 191
Chapter 4 Figure 292
Chapter 4 Figure 396
Chapter 4 Figure 497
Chapter 5 Figure 1118
Chapter 5 Figure 2119
Chapter 5 Figure 3119
Chapter 5 Figure 4122
Chapter 5 Figure 5123
Chapter 5 Figure 6127
Chapter 5 Figure 7129
Chapter 5 Figure 8132
Chapter 5 Figure 9132
Chapter 5 Figure 10134
Chapter 5 Figure 11135

                                

Chapter 1 Reference:
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Chapter 2 Reference:
1. Capek I, Chern CS. Radical Polymerization in Direct Mini-Emulsion Systems. Adv Polym Sci 2001; 155: 101-65.
2. Antonietti M, Landfester K. Polyreactions in miniemulsions. Prog Polym Sci 2002; 27: 689-757.
3. Asua JM. Miniemulsion polymerization, Prog Polym Sci 2002; 27:1283-346.
4. Chern CS. Principles and Applications of Emulsion Polymerization. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
5. Taylor P. Ostwald ripening in emulsions. Colloid Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp 1995; 99: 175-85.
6. Taylor P. Ostwald ripening in emulsions. Adv Colloid Interfac 1998; 75:107-63.
7. Kabal’nov AS, Shikubin ED. Ostwald ripening theory: applications to fluorocarbon emulsion stability. Adv Colloid Interfac 1992; 38: 69-97.
8. Higuchi WJ, Misra J. Physical degradation of emulsions via the molecular diffusion route and the possible prevention thereof. J Pharm Sci-Us 1962; 51: 459-66.
9. Kabal’nov AS, Pertzov AV, Shikubin ED. Ostwald Ripening in Two-Component Disperse Phase Systems: Application to Emulsion Stability. Colloids Surf 1987; 24: 19-32.
10. Tauer K. Stability of monomer emulsion droplets and implications for polymerizations therein. Polymer 2005; 46: 1385-94.
11. Meliana Y, Cala NA, Lin CT, Chern CS. Ostwald Ripening of Two-Component Disperse Phase Miniemulsions Containing Monomer and Reactive Costabilizer. J Disper Sci Technol 2010; 31: 1568-73.
12. Meliana Y, Chern CS. Effect of the Molecular Weight of n-Alkane Costabilizers on the Ostwald Ripening of Styrene Miniemulsions. J Disper Sci Technol 2013; 34: 632-8.
13. Porter DA, Easterling KE. Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. 2nd edition. London: Chapman & Hall; 1992.
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Chapter 3 Reference:
1. Kabal'nov AS, Shikubin ED, Ostwald ripening theory: applications to fluorocarbon emulsion stability, Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 1992; 38: 69–97.
2. Taylor P, Ostwald ripening in emulsions, Colloid Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp, 1995; 99: 175-85.
3. Taylor P, Ostwald ripening in emulsions, Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 1998; 75: 107-63.
4. Higuchi WJ, Misra J, Physical degradation of emulsions via the molecular diffusion route and the possible prevention thereof, J Pharm Sci, 1962; 51: 459-66.
5. Ugelstad J, Mórk PC, Kaggerud KH, Ellingsen T, Berge A, Swelling of oligomer-polymer droplets. New methods of preparation, Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 1980; 13: 101-40.
6. Barnette DT, Schork FJ, Continuous miniemulsion polymerization, Chem Eng Prog, 1987; 83: 25-30.
7. Reimers J, Schork FJ, Robust nucleation in polymer-stabilized miniemulsion polymerization, J Appl Polym Sci, 1996; 59: 1833-41.
8. Reimers J, Schork FJ, Predominant droplet nucleation in emulsion polymerization, J Appl Polym Sci, 1996; 60: 251-62.
9. Lin CT, Wu JM, Chern CS, Effects of the molecular weight of polymeric costabilizers on the Ostwald ripening behavior and the polymerization kinetics of styrene miniemulsions, Colloid Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp, 2013; 434: 178-84.
10. Lin CT, Chern CS, Modeling Ostwald ripening rate of styrene miniemulsions stabilized by a homolog of n-alkane costabilizers, J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, Available online 26 December 2014.
11. Morton M, Kaizerman S, Altier MW, Swelling of latex particles, J Colloid Sci, 1954; 9: 300-12.
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15. Skinner LM, Sambles JR, The Kelvin equation—a review, J Aerosol Sci, 1972; 3: 199-210.
16. Sperling LH, Introduction to physical polymer science, 4th ed.,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., United States of Americ, 2006.
17. Kabal'nov AS, Pertzov AV, Shikubin ED, Ostwald ripening in two-component disperse phase systems: application to emulsion stability, Colloid Surf, 1987; 24: 19-32.
18. Kabalnov A, Ostwald ripening and related phenomena, J Dispersion Sci Technol, 2001; 22: 1-12.
19. Pertzov AV, Kabal'nov AS, Shchukin ED. Recondensation of particles of a two-component disperse phase in the case of a large difference in the solubility of the components in the dispersion medium, Colloid J USSR, 1984; 46: 1015-8.
20. Lifshitz IM, Slozov VV. The Kinetics of Precipitation from Supersaturated Solid Solution. J Phys Chem Solids 1961; 19: 35-50.
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24. Chern CS, Chen TJ, Effect of Ostwald ripening on styrene miniemulsion stabilized by reactive cosurfactants, Colloid Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp, 1998; 138: 65-74.
25. Meliana Y, Cala NA, Lin CT, Chern CS. Ostwald Ripening of Two-Component Disperse Phase Miniemulsions Containing Monomer and Reactive Costabilizer. J Disper Sci Technol 2010; 31: 1568-73.
26. Brandrup J, Immergut EH, Grulke EA, Polymer Handbook, 4th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1999.
27. Tauer K. Stability of monomer emulsion droplets and implications for polymerizations therein. Polymer 2005; 46: 1385-94.
28. Porter DA, Easterling KE, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. 2nd edition. London: Chapman & Hall; 1992.
29. Mark JE, Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, AIP Press, New York, 1996.

Chapter 4 Reference:
1.Capek I., Chern C.S., Radical Polymerization in Direct Mini-Emulsion Systems, Advances in Polymer Science 155 (2001) 101-165.
2.Antonietti M., Landfester K., Polyreactions in miniemulsions, Progress in Polymer Science 27 (2002) 689-757.
3.Asua J.M., Miniemulsion Polymerization, Progress in Polymer Science 27 (2002) 1283-1346.
4.Chern C.S. Principles and Applications of Emulsion Polymerization, Wiley, New Jersey, 2008 Chapter 5.
5.Higuchi W.I., Misra J., Physical degradation of emulsions via the molecular diffusion route and the possible prevention thereof, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 51 (1962) 459-466.
6.Kabalnov A.S., Shikubin E.D., Ostwald Ripening Theory: Applications to Fluorocarbon Emulsion Stability, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 38 (1992) 69-97.
7.Taylor P., Ostwald ripening in emulsions, Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 99 (1995) 175-185.
8.Taylor P., Ostwald ripening in emulsions, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 75 (1998)107-163.
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