中文摘要
水是生命不可或缺的重要成分，亦是經濟文明發展的基石。然而世界是上有近四分之一的人口生活在缺乏水的地區，且有97.5%的水資源是來自於鹹水。因此從過去便一直投注許多研究在綠色科技上來進行海水淡化。而其中，太陽能蒸氣產生法被視為水處理最有前景的技術之一，因為他利用的是地球最豐富的資源-陽光。光熱薄膜在太陽能蒸氣產生法中扮演著重要的角色，在水處理上比起使用傳統能源消耗的少，也更低廉。若將奈米材料的結構和光學性質控制得宜，則能增加其對光的吸收和光熱的轉換。近年來光熱薄膜被大量的發表著，然而在實際應用上則是受到諸多的挑戰，像是高成本、難以處理高濃度的鹽水和鹽累積。為了克服這些挑戰，我們以簡單且相對低廉的材料來進行光熱轉換薄膜的研究。
在第一個研究中，我們利用真空過濾法將奈米碳管(carbon nanotube, CNT)堆積在濾紙(filter paper, FP)上，形成一個優秀的抗鹽和高光熱轉換效率的薄膜。CNT/FP薄膜表現出由兩個不同的層所形成的協同效應，CNT層吸收了更多的太陽光並轉換成熱，而FP則是作為水的輸送通道。在一個太陽光的照射下，CNT/FP薄膜有著1.16 kgm-2h-1的蒸發效率而其光熱轉換效率為65%。就算長期處於高濃度(20%wt氯化鈉)的鹽水中進行水處理也能表現出良好的鹽抗性。同時若再利用保麗龍(polystyrene foam, PS(F))作為隔熱材料加入CNT/FP中的話，在一太陽光的照射下蒸發速率和能量轉換效率增加到1.68 kgm-2h-1和98%且同時有快速的自清潔表現。
在第二個研究中，我們用聚二甲基矽氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS)改質碳纖維布(carbon cloth)使其具有易擴展和漂浮的性質，來應用於海水的太陽能淡化。利用噴塗法，將超輸水的PDMS包覆在超親水的carbon cloth上。而這個薄膜在一太陽光的照射下的水蒸發速度為1.12 kgm-2h-1，能量轉換效率則為64%。更重要的是在3.5wt%氯化鈉水溶液的實驗中聚二甲基矽氧烷/碳纖維布表現出完全抵擋鹽在薄膜上的累積的特性。擁有著好的成本效益、易擴展、自漂浮和鹽抗性的優勢，在太陽能蒸氣產生法的材料應用上在未來會是個相當具有潛力的選擇。此外這些薄膜(CNT/FP、CNT/FP-PS(F)和聚二甲基矽氧烷/碳纖維布)不僅可用於海水淡化，還能有效率的利用太陽能蒸氣產生法來進行汙水處理。

關鍵字: 太陽能蒸發、光熱轉換材料、奈米碳管、聚二甲基矽氧烷、碳纖維布、汙水純化

Abstract
Water is a significant component of life as well as an integral keystone of any civilizations economic development. Although, near to quarter population of the world live in water stressed areas, and about 97.5% of the global water supply is saltwater, which is mainly obtained from the ocean. Therefore, for the past decades, significant efforts have been put into green technology research for saltwater purification. Among them, solar steam generation has been regarded as one of the most promising techniques for water purification because it is able to use the most abundant resources—solar energy. Photothermal membrane plays the major role in the solar steam generation technique, which can reduce the consumption of conventional energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas) and the cost of clean water production. Nanomaterials with well-controlled structure and optical properties can increase the light absorption and photothermal conversion. Recently, numerous photothermal membranes have been reported, however their practical applications are hindered by several challenges such as high cost and unable to purify high saline water, salt accumulation, complicated method of fabrication use, low efficiency and hard to scale up production. To overcome these challenges, we have been studied two photothermal membranes in a very easy method and using relatively low cost materials.
In the first study, we have prepared an outstanding salt resistant and photothermal efficiency performance membrane by depositing carbon nanotubes (CNT) onto the surface of filter paper (FP) through vacuum filtration method. The prepared CNT/FP photothermal membrane presents synergy effect on its two different layers, the CNT layer absorbs more sunlight energy and convert into heat, on the other hand, FP layer is served as water transport channel. Under 1sun illumination, the CNT/FP membrane has evaporation rate of 1.16 kgm-2h-1 and its photothermal efficiency was 65%. Even in high saline water (20wt% NaCl) long time solar desalination, there was no salt accumulated on its upper layer, which means CNT/FP membrane is an outstanding salt resistant. Whereas, after polystyrene foam (PS(F)) employed as thermal insulator in to the CNT/FP, the evaporation rate and energy conversion efficiency was enhanced to 1.68 kgm-2h-1 and 98% respectively, with speedy self-cleaning behavior under 1sun solar illumination.
In the second study, we have developed a scalable and floatable polydimethylsiloxane modified carbon cloth (PDMS/carbon cloth) photothermal membrane for seawater solar desalination application. Using spray coating method, the superhydrophobic PDMS was coated over the surface of the superhydrophilic carbon cloth. To this membrane, a water evaporation rate of 1.12 kgm-2h-1 and energy conversion efficiency of about 64% was attained under 1sun solar irradiation. More importantly, the PDMS/carbon cloth can resist any salt accumulation for solar desalination of 3.5wt% NaCl with an excellent stability performance. With the merits of cost-efficient, easy scalable manufacture, self-floating ability and salt resistant performance, the PDMS/carbon cloth may grasp a great potential as an alternative solar steam generation for practical applications in the future. Moreover, all the as prepared membranes (CNT/FP, CNT/FP-PS(F), and PDMS/carbon cloth) not only use for saltwater desalination, but also can effectively purify waste water through solar steam generation technology.

Keywords: solar steam generation, photothermal material, carbon nanotube, polydimethylsiloxane, carbon cloth, water purification.

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