充電技術對於鋰離子電池的表現與壽命十分重要，其關係到充電時間、充電效率、充電溫升與循環壽命等因素。至今，大多的充電策略皆是採取設置一充電電壓限制(Vlimit)進行充電。對此，本文提出以電池剩餘容量(State of Charge, SOC)作為替代，實現了基於剩餘容量之最佳化五階段定電流充電法。
為了決定每個階段之轉態設置點與充電電流值，本文應用了粒子群演算法(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)進行最佳化來尋找最佳設定值，且所提方法只需使用庫分積分與電池等效電路模型即可實現，並可探討每階段剩餘容量之設定範圍對於整體充電結果的影響，因此可具有搜尋範圍廣且不需進行多次的實際實驗等優點。本文提出之充電策略之目標函數以縮短充電時間與降低充電損失為考量，經由驗證後與標準型定電流-定電壓(Constant Current-Constant Voltage Charging, CC-CV)相比，本文充電法之充電時間比CC-CV縮短34.06%，而平均溫升高8.68%。

Charging method does have a huge impact on the performance and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries, which is related to the factors such as charging time, charging efficiency, temperature variation and longevity. So far, most of the charging strategies use the charge voltage limit (Vlimit) to implement the charging process. Instead, this thesis utilizes the State of Charge (SOC) to achieve the implementation of an SOC-based five-stage constant current method.
Therefore, in order to determine the transition point of each stage and the charging current patterns, particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is adopted to search for the optimal values. The proposed approach applies the Coulomb counting method and the equivalent model of the lithium-ion battery, then the setting range of SOC in each stage could been proved to influence the charging results. Hence, PSO offers a wide-range search space and time-consuming experiments are not required. Finally, the proposed charging strategy takes both the charging time and the temperature rise into consideration. By comparing with constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method, the charging time can be shortened by 34.06%; however, the rise of average temperature increases of 8.68%.

[1] 羅一峰，「運用田口方法之鋰電池最佳化快速充電波形搜尋」，台灣科技大學電機工程博士論文，民國九十九年八月。
[2] 陳蓉賢，「以模糊控制為基礎之鋰離子電池模組充電技術開發」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零一年七月。
[3] 柯俊偉，「智慧型電池模組之可程控充電機設計」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零一年七月。
[4] 李易玹，「鋰離子電池新型充電方法之研究」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零二年七月。
[5] 陳重諺，「以交流阻抗為基礎之鋰離子電池殘餘容量估測技術研究」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零三年二月。
[6] 劉俊良，「以模糊田口為基礎之新型電池充電機」，台灣科技大學電機工程博士論文，民國一零三年七月。
[7] 陳冠炷，「以剩餘容量與模糊溫度控制為基礎之鋰離子電池充電機設計與實現」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零三年七月。
[8] 連于瑄，「具CAN Bus通訊之鋰離子電池容量估測系統」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零五年七月。
[9] 許富昱，「基於模型預測控制之新型鋰離子電池充電演算法」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零六年七月。
[10] 劉元凱，「以電池模型為基礎之五階段定電流充電法最佳充電電流值搜尋」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零七年六月。
[11] 林哲綱，「以模型預測控制為基礎之鋰離子電池充電演算法」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零八年六月。
[12] 林韋盛，「可縮短平衡時間之鋰離子電池組平衡器」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零八年六月。
[13] 鍾瑋芯，「鋰離子電池充電方法之評估」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零九年六月。
[14] K. M. Tsang, W. L. Chan, “Current sensorless quick charger for lithiumion batteries,” Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, No. 3, March 2011, pp.1593-1595.
[15] P. H. L. Notten, J. H. G. Op het Veld, and J. R. G. van Beek, “Boostcharging Li-ion batteries: A challenging new charging concept,” Journal of power Source, Vol. 145, No. 1, July 2005, pp. 89-94.
[16] L. R. Chen, R. C. Hsu, and C. S. Liu, “A Design of a Grey-Predicted Li-Ion Battery Charge System,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 10, Octorber 2008.
[17] G.C. Hsieh, L.R. Chen, and K. S. Huang, “Fuzzy-controlled Li-Ion Battery Charge System with Active State of Charge Controller,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 48, No. 3, June 2001.
[18] J.W. Huang, Y.H. Liu, S.C. Wang, Z.Z. Yang, “Fuzzy-Control-Based Five-Step Li-Ion Battery Charger,” IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009.
[19] Y. H. Liu, C. H. Hsieh, and Y. F. Luo, “Search for an Optimal Rapid-Charging Pattern for Li-Ion Batteries Using consecutive orthogonal arrays,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2011, pp. 654-661.
[20] Y. H. Liu and Y. F. Luo, “Search for an Optimal Rapid-Charging Pattern for Li-Ion Batteries Using the Taguchi Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 12, Dec. 2010, pp. 3963-3971.
[21] Y. H. Liu, J. H. Teng, and Y. C. Lin, “Search for an Optimal Rapid Charging Pattern for Li-Ion Batteries Using Ant Colony System Algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 5, Oct. 2005, pp. 1328-1336.
[22] A. B. Khan, V. L. Pham, T. T. Nguyen, and W. Choi, “Multistage Constant-Current Charging Method for Li-ion Batteries,” IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), June 2016.
[23] Z. Chen, B. Xia, C. C. Mi, and R. Xiong, “Loss-Minimization-Based Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Battery,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, Vol. 51, No. 5, Sept. 2015.
[24] L. R. Chen, “A Design of an Optimal Battery Pulse Charge System by Frequency-Varied Technique,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, Feb 2007, pp.398-405.
[25] L. R. Chen, “Design of Duty-Varied Voltage Pulse Charger for Improving Li-Ion Battery-Charging Response,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 2, Feb. 2009, pp.480-487.
[26] B. K. Purushothama, P. W. Morrison, Jr., and U. Landau, “Reducing Mass-Transport Limitations by Application of Special Pulsed Current Modes,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, No. 4, 2005, pp. J33-J39.
[27] B. K. Purushothama and U. Landau, “Rapid Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Pulsed Currents,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, No. 3, 2006, pp. A533-A542.
[28] S. C. Wang and Y. H. Liu, “A PSO-Based Fuzzy-Controlled Searching for the Optimal Charge Pattern of Li-Ion Batteries,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 62, No. 5, May. 2015, pp. 2983-2993.
[29] C. H. Lee, M. Y. Chen, S. H. Hsu, and J. A. Jiang, “Implementation of an SOC-based Four-Stage Constant Current Charger for Li-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 18, August 2018, pp. 528-537.
[30] C. H. Lee, T. W. Chang, S. H. Hsu, and J. A. Jiang, “Taguchi-based PSO for Searching an Optimal Four-Stage Charge Pattern of Li-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 21, February 2019, pp. 301-309.
[31] 孫清華，「可充電電池技術大全」，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，2003年9月。
[32] 屠海令、吳伯榮、朱磊，「先進電池－電化學電源導論」，工業出版社冶金，2006年5月。
[33] 陳羿廷、陳玉惠，「高分子電解質在鋰二次電池上之應用研究現況」，中原大學化學研究所專題報導，民國九十三年第六十二卷第四期。
[34] P.E. de Jongh, P.H.L. Notten, “Effect of Current Pulses on Lithium Intercalation Batteries,” Solid State Ionics, Vol. 148, No. 3-4, June 2002, pp. 259-268.
[35] J. Li, E. Murphy, J. Winnick, P. A. Kohl, “The Effects of Pulse Charging on Cycling Characteristics of Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, 2001, pp. 302-309.
[36] Samsung Inc., “Lithium Ion Battery-ICR18650-26H,” Specification
of product, ver. 1.0, 2009.
[37] B. Schweighofer, K. M. Raab, and G. Brasseur, “Modeling of high power automotive batteries by the use of an automated test system,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 52, No. 4, Aug. 2003, pp. 1087-1091.
[38] Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca, andW. A. Lynch, “A mathematical model for lead-acid batteries,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 7, No. 1, Mar. 1992, pp. 93-98.
[39] 劉峰其，「非線性鋰電池之充放電模型」，國立中央大學電機工程碩士論文，民國九十九年六月。
[40] T. Kim, and W. Qiao, “A Hybrid Battery Model Capable of Capturing Dynamic Circuit Characteristics and Nonlinear Capacity Effects,” IEEE Transactions. on Energy Conversion, Vol 26, No. 4, December 2011, pp. 1172-1180.
[41] M. Chen, and G.A. Rincon-Mora, “Accurate electrical battery model capable of predicting runtime and I–V performance,” IEEE Transactions. on Energy Conversion, Vol 21, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 504-511.
[42] L. R. Dung, and J. H. Yen, “ILP-based Algorithm for Lithium-Ion Battery Charging Profile,” IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), July 2010, pp. 2286-2291.
[43] M. Dorigo and M. Birattari, “Swarm intelligence,” Scholarpedia, Vol. 2, 2007, pp. 1462.
[44] J. Kemedy, R. Eberhart, “A New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm Theory,” Proceedings of the Sixth Intertional symposium on Micro machine and Human Science, 1995, pp. 39-43.
[45] J. Kemedy, R. Eberhart, “Particle swarm optimization,” Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Networks, Vol. 4, 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[46] 鄭于珊，「Computational Intelligence in Smart Grid System：Application Cases of Particle Swarm Optimization in Renewable Energy System」，台灣科技大學電機工程博士論文，民國一零六年六月。
[47] 紀仕秦，「用於電池充電器之數位控制相移全橋轉換器之設計與實現」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一百年七月。
[48] 簡嘉男，「具同步整流功能之數位控制全橋相移轉換器設計與研製」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零四年一月。
[49] 邱雅綺，「以寬能隙實現高效率全橋相移-直流轉換器」，台灣科技大學電機工程碩士論文，民國一零二年七月。
[50] 時立中，「高效率全橋轉換器之多模式控制技術」，台灣科技大學電機工程博士論文，民國一零七年十月。
[51] Infineon, “Design of Phase Shifted Full-Bridge,” Design Note, Vol.1, January 2013.
[52] Texas Instruments, “TMS320F28004x Piccolo Microcontrollers,” Available at http://www.ti.com/.
[53] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, “PID controller,” Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller.
[54] “Implementing FIR and IIR Digital Filters Using PIC18 Microcontrollers”, Application Note, AN852.
[55] 蕭子建、王智昱、儲昭偉，「LABVIEW進階篇」，高立圖書，民國八十九年五月。
[56] 蕭子建、王智昱、儲昭偉，「虛擬儀控程式設計-LABVIEW7X」，高立圖書，民國九十三年三月。