近年來寵物成為許多家庭或單身族家中的一份子，然而當寵物生病時卻無法開口呼救，需要尋求專業人士的幫助才能檢查出寵物的異常狀態。寵物中又以犬科動物占多數，犬科動物常見的疾病好發於四肢，而發生於後肢的疾病比例又較高。然而犬科動物有非常多的品種，如果想要對特定犬科進行治療就不能拿其他品種的數據對其進行手術預測。因此本研究希望開發出能夠針對特定犬科動物建立後肢骨骼外觀幾何與骨骼材料個體化的流程。
本研究開發了一套透過電腦斷層掃描影像便可以建立出特定犬科動物完整後肢骨骼模型的流程，並使用相同的電腦斷層掃描影像建立出了專屬於此犬科動物的骨骼材料特性。並透過先前的研究建立出此犬科動物的肌肉力量座標系統，接著利用本研究建置的完整後肢骨骼肌肉模型模擬了三種情形在日常站立時的狀態，三種情形包含無損傷、靜態固定髓內釘治療遠端股骨骨折以及近端股骨骨折。
從本研究的應力及形變結果來看，使用靜態固定治療骨折會使髓內釘需要承受較大的應力，也會使骨骼產生額外的形變，這可能導致髓內釘對骨骼造成破壞進而影響骨骼癒合的狀況。然而這些模擬結果未來仍需要收集更多的犬科動物骨骼數據作為資料庫以進行更深入的個體化骨骼材料研究。

In recent years, pets have become integral members of many families. However, when pets fall ill, they cannot communicate their distress, necessitating veterinary assistance to diagnose abnormalities. Most pets belong to the canine family, and diseases affecting the limbs, particularly the hind limbs, are prevalent in these animals. Nevertheless, canines have a wide variety of breeds, and treating a specific breed requires tailored surgical predictions, which cannot be based on data from other species. Therefore, this research aims to develop a personalized procedure for establishing the bone anatomy and bone material characteristics of the hind limbs of a canine.
This study has devised a process that uses computer tomography (CT) scan images to construct a model of the hindlimb bones for this canine. The bone material properties of the canine are determined using the same CT scan images. Muscle strength coordinate systems for the canine were established based on prior research. Subsequently, the complete model of the hind limb bones and muscles developed in this study was used to simulate three scenarios during everyday standing: normal (no damage), static interlocking nail fixation for distal femoral fracture, and static interlocking nail fixation for proximal femoral fracture.
The results obtained in this research show that static fixation for bone fractures increases the stress on the interlocking nail and leads to additional bone deformation. This could damage the bone structure, impacting the healing process. However, these simulation results warrant further investigation, and it is crucial to accumulate a more extensive database of canine hindlimb data for future studies on personalized bone material research.

[1] 中華民國財政部, 財政統計通報-財政部全球資訊網, https://service.mof.gov.tw/public/Data/statistic/bulletin/112/%E7%AC%AC3%E8%99%9F-%E5%AF%B5%E7%89%A9.pdf
[2] 內政部戶政司全球資訊網, https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346
[3] Johnson, J. A., Austin, C., and Breur, G. J. "Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 7.02 (1994): 56-69.
[4] 搖滾尾巴, 老狗照顧懶人包：狗狗尿布、樓梯、助行器, https://www.rocktail.com.tw/blog/view/345
[5] American College of Veterinary Surgeons, Canine Hip Dysplasia, https://www.acvs.org/small-animal/canine-hip-dysplasia/
[6] Colorado State University, CANINE CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY, https://vetmedbiosci.colostate.edu/vth/services/orthopedic-medicine/canine-cruciate-ligament-injury/
[7] Holt, Alexandria D. "Systematic review of patellar luxation in dogs." (2017).
[8] Clinician’s Brief, Pelvic Fractures, https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/pelvic-fractures
[9] Yardımcı, C., Özak, A., Önyay, T., İnal, K. S., and Özbakır, B. D. "Management of femoral fractures in dogs with unilateral semicircular external skeletal fixator-intramedullary pin tie-in configurations." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 65.2 (2018): 129-136.
[10] Manchi, G., Brunnberg, M. M., Shahid, M., Aiyan, A. A., Chow, E., Brunnberg, L., and Stein, S. "Radial and ulnar fracture treatment with paraosseous clamp‐cerclage stabilisation technique in 17 toy breed dogs." Veterinary Record Open 4.1 (2017): e000194.
[11] Raske, M., Hulse, D., Beale, B., Saunders, W. B., Kishi, E., and Kunze, C. "Stabilization of the CORA based leveling osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury using a bone plate augmented with a headless compression screw." Veterinary Surgery 42.6 (2013): 759-764.
[12] Putame, G., Terzini, M., Bignardi, C., Beale, B., Hulse, D., Zanetti, E., and Audenino, A. "Surgical treatments for canine anterior cruciate ligament rupture: assessing functional recovery through multibody comparative analysis." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 7 (2019): 180.
[13] Wangdee, C., Theyse, L. F. H., Techakumphu, M., Soontornvipart, K., and Hazewinkel, H. A. W. "Evaluation of surgical treatment of medial patellar luxation in Pomeranian dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 26.06 (2013): 435-439.
[14] Yasukawa, S., Edamura, K., Tanegashima, K., Seki, M., Teshima, K., Asano, K., Nakayama, T., and Hayashi, K. "Evaluation of bone deformities of the femur, tibia, and patella in Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation using computed tomography." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 29.01 (2016): 29-38.
[15] Žilinčík, M., Hluchý, M., Takáč, L., and Ledecký, V. "Comparison of radiographic measurements of the femur in Yorkshire Terriers with and without medial patellar luxation." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31.01 (2018): 017-022.
[16] Swiderski, J. K., and Palmer, R. H. "Long-term outcome of distal femoral osteotomy for treatment of combined distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation: 12 cases (1999–2004)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231.7 (2007): 1070-1075.
[17] Roch, S. P., and Gemmill, T. J. "Treatment of medial patellar luxation by femoral closing wedge ostectomy using a distal femoral plate in four dogs." Journal of Small Animal Practice 49.3 (2008): 152-158.
[18] Lee, J., Sim, H., Jeong, J., Kim, S-Y., Yang, S., Jeong, S. M., and Lee, H. B. "Biomechanical analysis of canine medial patellar luxation with femoral varus deformity using a computer model." BMC veterinary research 16.1 (2020): 1-9.
[19] Perren, S. M. "The concept of biological plating using the limited contact-dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP). Scientific background, design and application." Injury 22 (1991): 1-41.
[20] Aron, D. N., Johnson, A. L., and Palmer, R. H. "Biologic strategies and a balanced concept for repair of highly comminuted long bone fractures." The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian (USA) (1995).
[21] Woo, S. L-Y., Lothringer, K. S., Akeson, W. H., Coutts, R. D., Woo, Y. K., Simon, B. R., and Gomez, M. A. "Less rigid internal fixation plates: historical perspectives and new concepts." Journal of orthopaedic research 1.4 (1983): 431-449.
[22] Talaat, A., Gadallah, S. M., Farghali, H. A., and Sharshar, A. M. "Retrospective Study on Canine Femoral Fractures: Incidence and Surgical Management." Journal of Current Veterinary Research 4.2 (2022): 91-103.
[23] Beaupré, G. S., Carter, D. R., Dueland, R. T., Caler, W. E., and Spengler, D. M. "A biomechanical assessment of plate fixation, with insufficient bony support." Journal of orthopaedic research 6.5 (1988): 721-729.
[24] Akeson, W. H., Woo, S. L. Y., Rutherford, L., Coutts, R. D., Gonsalves, M., and Amiel, D. "The effects of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling: a bio mechanical and quantitative histological study." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 47.3 (1976): 241-249.
[25] Carter, D. R., Vasu, R., and Harris, W. H. "The plated femur: relationships between the changes in bone stresses and bone loss." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 52.3 (1981): 241-248.
[26] Carter, D. R., Vasu, R., Spengler, D. M., and Dueland, R.T. "Stress fields in the unplated and plated canine femur calculated from in vivo strain measurements." Journal of biomechanics 14.1 (1981): 63-70.
[27] Låtman, P., Nilsson, O. S., Brosjö, O., and Strömberg, L. "Stress shielding by rigid fixation studied in osteotomized rabbit tibiae." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 60.6 (1989): 718-722.
[28] Terjesen, T., Nordby, A., and Arnulf, V. "Stress-protection after plate fixation." Acta Orthop Scand 56 (1985): 416-418.
[29] Moyen, B. J., Lahey, P. J. Jr., Weinberg, E. H., and Harris, W. H. "Effects on intact femora of dogs of the application and removal of metal plates. A metabolic and structural study comparing stiffer and more flexible plates." JBJS 60.7 (1978): 940-947.
[30] Paavolainen, P., Karaharju, E., Slatis, P., Ahonen, J., and Holmstrom, T. "Effect of rigid plate fixation on structure and mineral content of cortical bone." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 136 (1978): 287-293.
[31] Tonino, A. J., Davidson, C. L., Klopper, P. J., and Linclau, L. A. "Protection from stress in bone and its effects. Experiments with stainless steel and plastic plates in dogs." The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume 58.1 (1976): 107-113.
[32] Duhautois, Bù. "Lenclouage verrouillé en chirurgie vétérinaire: de la conception aux premiers cas cliniques." Prac Med Chir Anim Comp 28 (1993): 657-683.
[33] Dueland, R. T., and Johnson, K. A. "Interlocking nail fixation of diaphyseal fractures in the dog: a multicenter study of 1991-1992 cases." Vet Surg 22.5 (1993): 377.
[34] Durall, I., Diaz, M. C., and Morales, I. "An experimental study of compression of femoral fractures by an interlocking intramedullary pin." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 6.02 (1993): 93-99.
[35] Duhautois, B. "L’enclouage verrouillé vétérinaire: étude clinique rétrospective sur 45 cas." Prat Med Chir Anim Comp 30 (1995): 613-30.
[36] Durall, I., and Diaz, M. C. "Early experience with the use of an interlocking nail for the repair of canine femoral shaft fractures." Veterinary Surgery 25.5 (1996): 397-406.
[37] Bernarde, A., Diop, A., Maurel, N., and Viguier, E. "An in vitro biomechanical study of bone plate and interlocking nail in a canine diaphyseal femoral fracture model." Veterinary surgery 30.5 (2001): 397-408.
[38] Pitjamit, S., Nakkiew, W., Thongkorn, K., Thanakulwattana, W., and Thunsiri, K. "Finite Element Analysis of Traditional and New Fixation Techniques of the 3D-Printed Composite Interlocking Nail in Canine Femoral Shaft Fractures." Applied Sciences 10.10 (2020): 3424.
[39] Pitjamit, S., Thunsiri, K., Nakkiew, W., Wongwichai, T., Pothacharoen, P., and Wattanutchariya, W. "The possibility of interlocking nail fabrication from FFF 3D printing PLA/PCL/HA composites coated by local silk fibroin for canine bone fracture treatment." Materials 13.7 (2020): 1564.
[40] 関節ライフ, 関節用語集, https://kansetsu-life.com/comm_dict_pro/result.html?l=%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E9%AA%A8
[41] Difference Between, What is the Difference Between Cancellous and Cortical Bone, https://www.differencebetween.com/what-is-the-difference-between-cancellous-and-cortical-bone/
[42] Bessonov, L. V., Golyadkina, A. A., Dmitriev, P. O., Dol, A. V., Zolotov, V. S., Ivanov, D. V., Kirillova, I. V., Kossovich, L. Y., Titova, Yu. I., Ulyanov, V. Y., and Kharlamov, A. V. "Constructing the dependence between the Young’s modulus value and the Hounsfield units of spongy tissue of human femoral heads." Известия Саратовского университета. Новая серия. Серия Математика. Механика. Информатика 21.2 (2021): 182-193.
[43] Patel, S. P., Lee, J. J., Hecht, G. G., Holcombe, S. A., and Goulet, J. A. "Normative vertebral hounsfield unit values and correlation with bone mineral density." Journal of Clinical & Experimental Orthopaedics (2016).
[44] Kim, K. J., Kim, D. H., Lee, J. I., Choi, B. K., Han, I. H., and Nam, K. H. "Hounsfield units on lumbar computed tomography for predicting regional bone mineral density." Open medicine 14.1 (2019): 545-551.
[45] Khan, S.N., Warkhedkar, R.M., Shyam, A.K. "Analysis of Hounsfield unit of human bones for strength evaluation." Procedia materials science 6 (2014): 512-519.
[46] Giambini, H., Dragomir-Daescu, D., Huddleston, P. M., Camp, J. J., An, K-N., and Nassr, A. "The effect of quantitative computed tomography acquisition protocols on bone mineral density estimation." Journal of biomechanical engineering 137.11 (2015): 114502.
[47] Cyganik, Ł., Binkowski, M., Kokot, G., Rusin, T., Popik, P., Bolechała, F., Nowak, R., Wróbel, Z., and John, A. "Prediction of Young׳ s modulus of trabeculae in microscale using macro-scale׳ s relationships between bone density and mechanical properties." Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 36 (2014): 120-134.
[48] Lev, M. H., and Gonzalez, R. G. "CT angiography and CT perfusion imaging." Brain mapping: the methods. Academic Press, 2002. 427-484.
[49] DenOtter, T. D., and Schubert, J. "Hounsfield unit." (2019).
[50] Radiopaedia, Hounsfield scale (diagram), https://radiopaedia.org/cases/hounsfield-scale-diagram
[51] Cattaneo, P. M., Dalstra, M., and Frich, L. H. "A three-dimensional finite element model from computed tomography data: a semi-automated method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 215.2 (2001): 203-212.
[52] Pfeiler, T.W., Lalush, D.S., and Loboa, E.G. "Semiautomated finite element mesh generation methods for a long bone." Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 85.3 (2007): 196-202.
[53] Vishay Measurements Group Inc., Student Manual for Strain Gage Technology, Bulletin 309E (1992)
[54] Gies, A. A., and Carter, D. R. "Experimental determination of whole long bone sectional properties." Journal of Biomechanics 15.4 (1982): 297-303.
[55] Hu, J.H., Ding, M., Søballe, K., Bechtold, J.E., Danielsen, C.C., Day, J.S., and Hvid, I. "Effects of short-term alendronate treatment on the three-dimensional microstructural, physical, and mechanical properties of dog trabecular bone." Bone 31.5 (2002): 591-597.
[56] Kang, Q., An, Y. H., and Friedman, R. F. "Mechanical properties and bone densities of canine trabecular bone." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 9 (1998): 263-267.
[57] Laurent, C. P., Böhme, B., Mengoni, M., d’Otreppe, V., Balligand, M., and Ponthot, J-P. "Prediction of the mechanical response of canine humerus to three-point bending using subject-specific finite element modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 230.7 (2016): 639-649.
[58] Carpenter Jr, D. H., and Cooper, R. C. "Mini review of canine stifle joint anatomy." Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 29.6 (2000): 321-329.
[59] Shahar, R., and Milgram, J. "Morphometric and anatomic study of the hind limb of a dog." American journal of veterinary research 62.6 (2001): 928-933.
[60] Shahar, R., and Banks-Sills, L. "Biomechanical analysis of the canine hind limb: calculation of forces during three-legged stance." The veterinary journal 163.3 (2002): 240-250.
[61] IMAIOS SAS, Canine myology - Illustrated atlas of anatomy of the muscles of the dog, https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-anatomy/dog/dog-myology
[62] Carr, B. J., and Dycus, D. L. "Canine gait analysis." Recovery & Rehab 6.2 (2016): 93-100.
[63] Light, V. A., Steiss, J. E., Montgomery, R. D., Rumph, P. F., and Wright, J. C. "Temporal-spatial gait analysis by use of a portable walkway system in healthy Labrador Retrievers at a walk." American journal of veterinary research 71.9 (2010): 997-1002.
[64] Besancon, M. F., Conzemius, M. G., Derrick, T. R., Ritter, M. J. "Comparison of vertical forces in normal greyhounds between force platform and pressure walkway measurement systems." Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology 16.03 (2003): 153-157.
[65] Lascelles, B. D. X., Roe, S. C., Smith, E., Reynolds, L., Markham, J., Marcellin-Little, D., Bergh, M. S., and Budsberg, S. C. "Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs." American journal of veterinary research 67.2 (2006): 277-282.
[66] Webster, K. E., Wittwer, J. E., and Feller, J. A. "Validity of the GAITRite® walkway system for the measurement of averaged and individual step parameters of gait." Gait & posture 22.4 (2005): 317-321.
[67] Gordon-Evans, W. J., Evans, R. B., and Conzemius, M. G. "Accuracy of spatiotemporal variables in gait analysis of neurologic dogs." Journal of neurotrauma 26.7 (2009): 1055-1060.
[68] LeQuang, T., Maitre, P., Roger, T., and Viguier, E. "Is a pressure walkway system able to highlight a lameness in dog?." 6th World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB 2010). August 1-6, 2010 Singapore: In Conjunction with 14th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME) and 5th Asia Pacific Conference on Biomechanics (APBiomech). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
[69] Keebaugh, A. E., Redman-Bentley, D., and Griffon, D. J. "Influence of leash side and handlers on pressure mat analysis of gait characteristics in small-breed dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 246.11 (2015): 1215-1221.
[70] Carr, B. J., Canapp Jr, S. O., and Zink, M. C. "Quantitative comparison of the walk and trot of border collies and Labrador retrievers, breeds with different performance requirements." PLoS One 10.12 (2015): e0145396.
[71] McDonough, A. L., Batavia, M., Chen, F. C., Kwon, S., and Ziai, J. "The validity and reliability of the GAITRite system's measurements: A preliminary evaluation." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 82.3 (2001): 419-425.
[72] Bilney, B., Morris, M., and Webster, K. "Concurrent related validity of the GAITRite® walkway system for quantification of the spatial and temporal parameters of gait." Gait & posture 17.1 (2003): 68-74.
[73] Fu, Y-C., Torres, B. T., and Budsberg, S. C. "Evaluation of a three-dimensional kinematic model for canine gait analysis." American journal of veterinary research 71.10 (2010): 1118-1122.
[74] Gillette, R. L., and Angle, T. C. "Recent developments in canine locomotor analysis: a review." The Veterinary Journal 178.2 (2008): 165-176.