前處理及發酵方式對以布袋蓮為原料生產乙醇影響之探討

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研究生：	thi bich thuyen Nguyen NGUYEN - THI BICH THUYEN
論文名稱：	前處理及發酵方式對以布袋蓮為原料生產乙醇影響之探討 THE EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENTS AND FERMENTATION METHODS ON ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipe)
指導教授：	朱義旭 Yi-Hsu Ju
口試委員:	none Suryadi Ismadji none Felycia Edi Soetaredjo none Setiyo Gunawan none Truong Chi Thanh none Huynh Lien Huong 劉志成 Liu, Jhy-Chern 李振綱 Lee, Cheng-Kang
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	100
中文關鍵詞：	布袋蓮、次臨界水處理、纖維素回收率、生質乙醇
外文關鍵詞：	Water hyacinth, subcritical water treatment, cellulose recovery, bioethanol
相關次數：	點閱：279 下載：3
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本研究探討四種前處理方法 (水浴法、超音波法、微波法及次臨界水法)對從布袋蓮中回收纖維素之影響，結果發現四種方法中次臨界水前處理可得到最高之纖維素回收率：在 165oC、 50 bar及固體對水之比例為10:1 mL/g條件下處理 30 min後纖維素在處理過之樣品中含量為 68.2%，此為未經處理樣品之131.5%。本研究也探討以硫酸做前處理以了解化學藥品對木質纖維素降解之影響，並與利用次臨界水處理之結果做比較。結果發現次臨界水處理不僅是一對環境友善之方法並且可去除木質素以得到高纖維素含量，有利於乙醇之生產。前處理對布袋蓮組成及結構影響之探討則是利用 TGA, FTIR, XRD及 SEM。
里氏木黴(Trichromdema reesei) 纖維素酶因含有三種主要酵素可以將纖維素轉變成葡萄糖所以本研究用之於水解前處理後之布袋蓮。在最佳條件下，可得葡萄糖含量為631.3 mg/g，此為理論值之83.3%。
本研究探討兩種發酵方式對利用釀酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)發酵之影響：分別水解及發酵(SHF)以及同步糖化及發酵(SSF)。結果發現SSF可得到最高之乙醇濃度(12.35 g/L)及產率( 91.73%)。本研究也探討副產物中抑制物對乙醇發酵之影響。

In this work, the effects of four physical pretreatment methods (water bath, ultrasound, microwave and subcritical water) on the cellulose recovery of water hyacinth were investigated. Among these methods, subcritical water (SCW) pretreatment gave the best efficiency on cellulose recovery. Under conditions of 165oC, 50 bar, 30 min and solid/water = 10:1 (mL/g), cellulose content in the treated sample was 68.2% which is 131.5% of the untreated sample. Pretreatment using H2SO4 was also carried out in order to understand the effect of the chemical on lignocellulose degradability and compare it with that of SCW pretreatment. The results showed that SCW treatment is not only an environmentally friendly method but also generated high cellulose and removed lignin from water hyacinth which is promising for bioethanol production. The effects of treatments on the composition and structure of water hyacinth were studied by TGA, FTIR, XRD and SEM.
Trichromdema reesei cellulase was used in the hydrolysis study because it contains three major enzymes which can convert cellulose to glucose efficiently. Under optimized conditions, the glucose content was 631.3 mg/g which is 83.3% of the theoretical value.
Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was performed in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The result showed that SSF gave the highest ethanol concentration (12.35 g/L) with 91.73% ethanol yield. Byproducts which were considered as inhibitors for ethanol fermentation were also investigated in this study.

Recommendation Letter 	ii 
Qualification Letter	iii
摘要 	iv 
Abstract 	v 
Acknowledgement 	 vi 
Table of Contents	vii 
List of Abbreviations	xii 
List of Tables	xiii 
List of Figures	xiv 
Chapter 1. Introduction 	1
1 Background	 1 
2 Objective	3
Chapter 2. Literature Review	 4 
1 Biofuels	4 
2 Bioethanol	4 
3 Lignocellulosic biomass and water hyacinth	5
3.1 Lignocellulosic biomass	5
3.1.1 Cellulose	6
3.1.2 Hemicellulose	8
3.1.3 Lignin	9
3.2 Water hyacinth	11
4 Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment	13
4.1 Physical pretreatment	14
4.1.1 Steam explosion	14
4.1.2 Liquid hot water	14
4.1.3 Subcritical water	14
4.2 Chemical pretreatment	15
4.2.1 Acid pretreatment	15
4.2.2 Alkaline pretreatment	16
4.2.3 Ion liquid pretreatment	16
4.3 Biological pretreatment	17
5 Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation	18
Chapter 3. Experimental	 21 
1 Materials	 21 
2 Apparatus and equipment	 22
3 Data analysis	23
4	Methodology	23
4.1	Pretreatments	23 
4.1.1 Water bath pretreatment	23
4.1.2 Ultrasound pretreatment	23
4.1.3 Microwave pretreatment	24
4.1.4 Subcritical water pretreatment	24
4.1.5 Subcritical H2SO4 (SC H2SO4) pretreatment	25
4.2	Hydrolysis of SCW treated water hyacinth	25 
4.3	Ethanol production - Separate hydrolysis and fermentation	26
4.3.1 Inoculum preparation 	26
4.3.2 Fermentation 	26
4.4	Ethanol production – Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation	27 
4.5   TGA analysis	28
4.6   SEM analysis	28
4.7   FTIR analysis	28 
4.8   XRD analysis	29
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion	30
1 Effect of pretreatments on RDS and lignocellulose content	30
1.1 Effect of temperature on RDS and lignocellulose content	31
1.2 Effect of time on RDS and cellulose content	34
1.3 Effect of pressure on RDS and cellulose content	35
1.4 Effect of water to dried biomass ratio on RDS and cellulose content	37
1.5 Comparison of effectiveness for cellulose recovery between SCW pretreatment and SC H2SO4 pretreatment	38
2 Hydrolysis of SCW treated water hyacinth – optimization of sugar yield	39
2.1 Effect of cellulase concentration and hydrolysis time	39
2.2 Effect of pH value on glucose production and saccharification	41
2.3 Effect of temperature on glucose production and saccharification	43
3 Ethanol production – Separated hydrolysis and fermentation	44
4 Ethanol production - Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation	48
4.1 Effect of solid loading  	48
4.2 Time courses of SSF	51
4.3 Effect of agitation	53
4.4 Effect of temperature 	56
4.5 Effect of inhibitors	58
5	Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 	61
6 Impact of pretreatments on sample’s morphology: SEM study	65
7 FTIR studies	70
8 XRD studies	75
Chapter 5. Conclusion and future prospects	79
References	81 
Appendix	92
                                

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