電子投票是使用 軟體和硬體, 透過電腦系統來加速投票. 電子投票系統的技術發展增加其廣泛採用的可能性. 然而, 不同國家在電子投票系統的態度和實際決策上可能存在很大的差異.
發展中國家的電子投票採用率隨著測試實施的數量而增加, 其中一些國家已將電子投票應用在地方選舉.
印尼, 作為發展中國家之一, 正在努力提高其選舉品質, 其中包含使用電子投票. 由於每個新技術的採用, 需要多方面更深入的分析以支持它成功落實. 在實施特定的電子投票技術之前, 政府需要瞭解公民願意採用新技術的程度.
為了進一步了解使用電子投票的信任問題, 我們對公眾信任及信任和電子投票技術採用之間的關係進行了調查. 本研究的目的是檢驗信任度對公民使用電子投票系統之意願的影響. 我們提出此電子投票採用的模式, 藉由兩個面向來調查公民信任度, 技術信任（ＴＯＴ）和政府信任（ＴＯＧ）. 每種類型的信任都可擴展到更具體的獨特決定因素. 這項研究是透過調查印尼某個特定地區的公民. 對所有不同群體包含性別, 年齡, 教育水平, 經濟狀況和電腦使用率進行調查, 以獲得他們使用電子投票系統的意願程度. 共搜集426份問券來自紙本以及網路調查作為進一步的數據分析. 76.5%的調查問券為離線或由調查員發放, 23.5%的調查問券透過網路發放給較常使用網路的印尼人民.
結果顯示, 較高的ＴＯＴ和ＴＯＧ增加公民使用電子投票的意願, 並且幾乎所有關鍵決定因素都與公民信任度呈正相關. 我們透過調查最近的研究和現象, 採取了幾個新的決定因素. 有趣的是, 一些新的決定因素為影響公民信任最多的因素. 這項研究結果有助於向每個發展中國家的政府提出一些建議, 幫助他們的在實施電子投票系統之前做進一步分析.

Electronic voting is the use of software and hardware to facilitate voting through a computer information system for casting votes. Technological development of e-voting system has increased its possibility to wide-spread adoption. However, different countries may very well differ in their attitudes and actual decisions regarding the e-voting system. E-voting adoption in developing countries has become increased by number of testing implementation and some of them were applied in local election development. Indonesia, as one of developing country, is trying hard to improve the quality of its elections, which includes using electronic voting. Since every new technology adoption needs to achieve successful implementation, deeper analysis on several sides was needed to support it. Before implementing a particular e-voting technology, the government needs to know the level of citizen willingness to adopt the new technologies.
To develop a greater understanding of trust concerns surrounding the use of e-voting, an investigation into the public trust and the relationship between trust and electronic voting technology adoption were assessed. The goal of this study is to examine the impact of trust on citizen intention to use e-voting system. We propose a model of e-voting adoption by investigating citizen trust from two sides of trust, trust of technology (TOT) and trust of government (TOG). Each type of trust was expanded into more specific unique determinants. The study was conducted by surveying citizens at a particular district in Indonesia. The survey was assessed to all diverse groups of gender, age, education level, economic status, and computer usage of Indonesian citizens, to obtain their intention level of using e-voting system. A total of 426 questionnaires collected for further data analysis from both paper-based and internet-based survey. 76.5 % of questionnaires were administered offline or directly by surveyor and 23.5% of questionnaires were administered online by internet to Indonesian people who uses internet more.
The results indicate that higher TOT and TOG increase citizen intention to use e-voting, and also almost of key determinants have positive relationship to the citizen trust. We adopted several new determinants by investigating recent studies and phenomenon survey. Interestingly, some of new determinant factor have become the highest factors that influence citizen trust. The findings of this study contribute to propose some recommendation to the government in each developing country who needs further analysis before implementing an e-voting system for their elections.

Aboelmaged, G. M. (2010). Predicting e-procurement adoption in a developing country: an empirical integration of technology acceptance model and theory of planned behaviour. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110(3), 392-414.
Achieng, M., & Ruhode, E. (2013). The adoption and challenges of electronic voting technologies within the South African context. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 5(4).
Agustin, E. R. & Kurniati, A. (2009). Cryptography for secure e-voting in Indonesia. National Seminar of Informatics 2009.
Ahuja, M. K., & Thatcher, J. B. (2005). Moving beyond intentions and toward the theory of trying. MIS Quarterly, 29(3), 427-459.
Ahuluheluw, S. (2016). Building an inter-organizational community strategy in an innovative business environment, Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente.
Alshomrani, S. (2012). A comparative study on United Nations e-government indicators between Saudi Arabia and USA. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, 3, 411-419.
Alverez, M. R., & Nagler, J. (2001). Internet voting and political representation. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 34, 1115-1152.
Barber. (1998). Three scenarios for the future of technology and strong democracy. Political Science Quarterly, 113(4), 573-590.
Barnes, A., Lithwick, D., & Virgint, E. (2016). Legal and social affairs division. Library of Parliament Data.
Basu, S. (2004). E-government and developing countries: An overview. International Review of Law, Computers, and Technology, 18(1), 109-132.
Becerra, M. A., & Gupta, K. (1999). Perceived trustworthiness within the organization: The moderating impact of communication frequency on trustor and trustee effects. Organization Science, 32-44.
Belanger, F., & Carter, L. (2008). Trust and risk in e-government adoption. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 17, 165-176.
Belanger, F., Hiller, J. S., & Smith, W. J. (2002). Trustworthiness in electronic commerce: The role of privacy, security, and site attributes. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11, 245-270.
Benoit, K. (2004). Experience of electronic voting overseas. The policy institute, trinity college Dublin, 311-326.
Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., & Grimes, J. M. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government Information Quarterly, 27, 264-271.
Bishop, M. & Wagner, D. (2007). Risks of e-voting. Communications of the ACM, 50.
Bhattacherjee, A. (2002). Individual trust in online firms: Scale development and initial test. Journal of management information systems, 19(1), 211-241.
Borgers, T. (2001) ‘Is Internet Voting a Good Thing?’ Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 156(4): 531–47.
Boudreau, M., Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2001). Validation in information systems research: a state-of-the-art assessment. MIS Quarterly, 1-16.
Buchsbaum, T. M. (2005). E-voting: lessons learnt from recent pilots. In International Conference on Electronic Voting and Electronic Democracy: Present and the Future, 1-22.
Budge, I. (1997). The new challenge of direct democracy. Electoral Studies, 2(16), 267.
Butler, J. K., & Cantrell, R. S. 1984. A behavioral decision theory approach to modeling dyadic trust in superiors and subordinates. Psychological Reports, 55, 19-28.
Butler, J. K. (1991). Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management, 17, 643-663.
Calandrino, J. A., Halderman, J. A., Felten. E. W. (2007). Machine-assisted election auditing. In Proc. EVT, Boston.
Carter, L., & Belanger, F. (2012). Internet voting and political participation: An empirical comparison of technological and political factors. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 43(3).
Carter, L., & Weerakkody, V. (2008). E-government adoption: A cultural comparison. Information System Front, 10, 473-482.
Carter, L., & Belanger, F. (2005). The utilization of e-government services: Citizen trust, innovation and acceptance factors. Information System Journal, 15, 5-25.
Cetinkaya, O., & Cetinkaya, D. (2007, April). Towards Secure E-Elections in Turkey: Requirements and Principles. Availability, Reliability and Security, 2007. ARES 2007. The Second International Conference on, 903-907. IEEE.
Chen, Y. N., Chen, H. M., Huang, W., & Ching, R. K. H. (2006). E-government strategies in developed and developing countries: an implementation framework and case study. Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 23-46.
Chen, Y., & Gant, J. (2001). Transforming local e-government services: The use of application service providers. Government Information Quarterly, 18, 343–355.
Chatterjee, M. (2009). Tribal voters in Jharkhand reckon with EVM technology. In Indo-Asian News Service.
Chin, W., & Gopal, A. (1995). Adoption intention in GSS: relative importance of beliefs. ACM Sig MIS Database, 26(2-3), 42-64.
Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1).
Chiu, C., & Wang, E. (2008). Understanding Web-based learning continuance intention: The role of subjective task value. Information & Management, 45(3), 194-201.
Choi, S.O., & Kim, B. C. (2012). Voter intention to use e-voting technologies: security, technology acceptance, election type, and political ideology. Journal of Information technology & politics, 9(4), 433-452.
Citrin, J. & Green, D.P. (1986). Presidential Leadership and the Resurgence of Trust in Government. British Journal of Political Science, 16(4), 431–453.
Cordoba, J. R. (2014). Systemic patterns of practice to improve e-government evaluation. Measuring e-government efficiency. 9-24. Springer New York.
Coursey, D., & Killings, J. (2000). Managing government Web services in Florida: Issues and Lessons. Handbook of Public Information Systems, 3, 31-44.
Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment, and personal need nonfulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.
Cranor, L. F., & Cryton, L. K. (1997). Sensus: A security-conscious electronic polling system for the intemet. IEEE, 3, 32-44.
Cranor, L. F. (2001). Voting after Florida: no easy answers. Ubiquity, 2001 (February), 3.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
Darmawan, I., & Nurhandjati, N. (2016). Why adopt e-voting? Study on village leader elections in Musi Rawas, South Sumatra Indonesia. Journal of Politics, 1(2).
Dewett, T., & Jones, G. R. (2001). The role of information technology in the organization: A review, model, and assessment. Journal of Management, 27(3), 313-346.
Dill, D. L., Schneier, D., & Simons, B. (2003). Voting and technology: Who gets to count your vote?. Communications of the ACM, 46(8), 29-31.
Done, R. S. (2002). Internet voting: Bringing elections to the desktop. The price water house coopers endowment for the business of government.
Drechsler, W., & Madise, U. (2002). E-voting in Estonia. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(3), 51-56.
Dyer, J. H., & Nobeoka, K. (2000). Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: the Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 345-367.
Electronic democracy. (2000). European Commission, 1475.
Armstrong, E. (2005). Integrity, transparency and accountability in public administration: Recent trends, regional and international developments and emerging issues. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 1-10.
Ermisch, J., Gambetta, D., Laurie, H., Siedler, T., & Noah Uhrig, S. C. (2009). Measuring people's trust. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 172(4), 749-769.
Evans, D., & Yen, D. (2006). E-government: Evolving relationship of citizens and government, domestic, and international development. Government Information Quarterly, 23, 207-235.
Fahmi, H.& Handoko, D. (2010). Electronic voting review, BPPT 2010.
Fitrani, F., Hofman, B., & Kaitsera, K. (2005). Unity in diversity? The creation of new local governments in a decentralizing Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 41(1), 57–79.
Fisher, S. (2007). Change in turnout and change in the left share of the vote. Electoral Studies, 26(3), 598–611.
Fogg, B. J., & Tseng, H. (1999). The element of computer credibility. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, 80-87.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, J. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Florini, A. (2010). The national context for transparency-based global environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics, 10(3), 120-131.
Gabarro, J. J. (1978). The development of trust, influence, and expectations. Interpersonal behavior: Communication and understanding in relationships, 290, 303.
Ganesan, S., & Hess, R. (1997). Dimensions and levels of trust: Implications for commitment to a relationship. Marketing Letters, 8(4), 439–448.
Garcia, J. R. & Moyano, M. J. (2005). Exploring e-government evolution: The influence of systems of rules on organizational action. National Center for Digital Government.
Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. (2003). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27, 51-90.
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows: step by step, 10a edition. Boston: Pearson.
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1998). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating Uni-dimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192.
Goldsmith, B., & Ruthrauff, H. (2013). Implementing and overseeing electronic voting and counting technologies. International Foundation for Electoral Systems and National Democratic Institute for International.
Grazioli, S., & Javernpaa, S. L. (2000). Perils of internet fraud: An empirical investigation of deception and trust with experienced internet consumers. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 30(4). 395-410.
Gritzalis, D. A. (2002). Principles and requirements for a secure e-voting system. Jounal of Computer & Security, 21(6), 539-556.
Glewwe, P. W. (2016). Designing household survey questionnaires for developing countries. World Bank Data.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6.
Hapsara, M. (2013). E-Voting Indonesia: A Safety-Critical-Systems model towards standard and framework for Indonesia’s Presidential Election. International Conference on Information Technology. 81-86.
Heijden, V., Verhagen, T., & Creemers. M. (2003). Understanding online purchase intentions: contributions from technology and trust perspectives. European journal of information systems, 12(1), 41-48.
Hill, S. (2010). Changing composition and changing allegiance in american politics. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Hoffman, L. J., Jenkins, K., & Blum, J. (2004). Trust beyond security: An expanded trust model. Communication of the ACM, 49, 94-101.
Jaeger, P. T., & Thompson, K. M. (2003). E-government around the world: Lessons, challenges, and future directions. Government Information Quarterly, 20(4), 389-394.
Jansen, J. P., Bosch, F. J. & Volberda, H. W. (2005). Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedents matter?. Academy of Management, 48.
Jarvenpaa, S. L. (2002). Exploring the implications of m-commerce for markets and marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30, 348.
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Staples, D. S. (2000). The use of collaborative electronic media for information sharing: An exploratory study of determinants. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2), 129-154.
Jiang, J., Klein, G., & Crampton, S. M. (2000). A note on servqual reliability and validity in information system service quality measurement. Decision Sciences, 31(3), 725-744.
Joaquim, R., Zúquete, A., & Ferreira, P. (2003). REVS–a robust electronic voting system.IADIS International Journal of WWW/Internet, 1(2), 47-63.
Keil, M., Tan, B., Wei, K., Saarinen, T., Tuunainen, V., & Wassenaar, A. (2000). A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects. MIS Quarterly, 24(2), 299-325.
Kersting, N., & Baldersheim, B. (2004). Electronic voting and democratic issues: An introduction. Electronic Voting and Democracy, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 3-19.
Kersting, N., & Harald, B. (2004). Electronic voting and democracy: A comparative analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 3-19.
Koppell, J. (2005). Pathologies of accountability and the challenge of multiple accountabilities disorder. Public Administration Review, 65(1), 94–108.
Krimmer, R. (2006). Electronic voting 2006. GI Lecture Notes in Informatics, 86, Bonn.
Kumar, R., & Best, M. L. (2006). Impact and sustainability of e-government services in developing countries: Lessons learned from Tamil Nadu, India. The Information Society, 22(1), 1-12.
Lauer, T. W. (2004). The risk of e-voting. Electronic Journal of E-government, 2(3), 177-186.
Lean, O. K., Zailani, S., Ramayah, T., & Fernando, Y. (2009). Factors influencing intention to use e-government services among citizens in Malaysia. International Journal of Information Management, 29, 468-475.
Lee, D. Y., & Lehto, M. R. (2013). User acceptance of YouTube for procedural learning: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model. Computers and Education, 61, 193-208.
Lee, M., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 75-91.
Leiter, J. (2008). Nonprofit Isomorphism: An Australia–United States Comparison. Voluntas: international journal of voluntary and nonprofit organizations, 19(1), 67-91.
Leober, L. (2008). E-voting in the Netherlands: from general acceptance to general doubt in two years. Electronic voting 131, 21-30.
Lefebvre, L. A., Lefebvre, E., & Harvey, J. (1996). Intangible assets as determinants of advanced manufacturing technology adoption in SME's: toward an evolutionary model. IEEE Transactions on Engineering management, 43(3), 307-322.
Lieberman, J. K. (1981). The litigious society. New York: Basic Books.
Lioy, A., Maino, F., Marian, M., & Mazzocchi, D. (2000). DNS security. Terena Networking Conference.
Lippert, S. K., & Ojumu, E. B. (2008). Thinking outside of the ballot box: Examining public trust in e-voting technology. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 20(3), 57-80.
Lubis, M., Kartiwi, M., & Zulhuda, S. (2014). Decision to casting a vote: An ordinal regression statistical analysis. In Information and Communication Technology for The Muslim World (ICT4M), 2014 The 5th International Conference on, 1-6. IEEE.
Maaten¹, E., & Hall, T. (2008). Improving the transparency of remote e-voting: The estonian experience. Electronic Voting 2008 (EVOTE08), 31.
Madise, Ü., & Martens, T. (2006). I-voting in Estonia 2005. The first practice of country-wide binding Internet voting in the world. Electronic Voting 2006. Bonn, Gesellschaft für Informatik. 15-26.
Martins, M. R. (1995). Size of municipalities, efficiency, and citizen participation: A cross-European perspective. Government and Policy, 13, 441-458.
Maxwell, J. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-301.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: An integrative typology. Information System Research, 13(3), 334-359.
McAllister, I. (1986). Compulsory Voting, Turnout, and Party Advantage in Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 89–93.
Mitrou, L., Gritzalis, D., Katsikas, S., & Quirchmayr, G. (2002). Electronic voting: Constitutional and legal requirements, and their technical implications. Advances in Information Security, 7, 43-60.
Moynihan, D.P. (2004). Building secure elections: e‐voting, security, and systems theory. Public administration review, 64(5), 515-528.
Muller, M. E. (1976). Challenges in using computers in statistical applications in developing country. International Statistical Review, 44(2).
Nagel, J. H. (1988). Voter turnout in New Zealand general elections, 1928–1988. Political Science, 40, 16–38.
Ndou, V. (2004). E-government for developing countries: opportunities and challenges. The electronic journal of information systems in developing countries, 18(1), 1-24.
Norris, P. (2004). Will new technology boost turnout? Evaluating experiments in UK local elections. Electronic Voting and Democracy, 193-225. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric methods.
Oostveen, A., & Besselaar, P. (2004). Internet voting technologies and civic participation: the users’ perspective. Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 11(1), 61-78.
Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(3), 101-134.
Pieters, W., & Becker, M. J. (2006). Ethics of e-voting: An essay on requirements and values in Internet elections. Institute for computing and information sciences.
Pina, V., Torres, L., & Royo, S. (2007). Are ICTs improving transparency and accountability in the EU regional and local governments? An empirical study. Public administration, 85(2), 449-472.
Phillips, M. D., & Soudriette, R. W. (2012). Testing Democracy: How Independent Testing of E-Voting Systems Safeguards Electoral Integrity. Electronic Voting, 159-170.
Powell, A., Williams, C. K., Bock, D. B. Doellman, T., & Allen, J. (2012). E-voting intent: A comparison of young and elderly voters. Government Information Quarterly, 29(3). 361-372.
Coursey, David, and Jennifer Killingsworth. 2000. Managing government web services in florida: issues and lessons. Handbook of Public Information System, 331–44. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Qadah, G. Z., & Taha, R. (2007). Electronic voting systems: Requirements, design, and implementation. Computer Standards and Interfaces, 29, 376-386.
Radcliff, B. (1994). Turnout and the democratic vote. American Politics Quarterly, 9, 259-267.
Rallings, C., & Thrasher, M. (2007). The turnout gap and the costs of voting: A comparison of participation at the 2001 general and 2002 local elections in England. Public Choice, 131, (3), 333–344.
Rash, W. (1997). Politics on the Net: Wiring the political process. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Ringle, M. C., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0 (beta).
Rivest, R. L. (2001). Electronic voting. Financial Cryptography , 1, 243-268.
Rokhman, A. (2011). Prospects and challenges of e-voting implementation in Indonesia. National Seminar National Seminar on State and Community Role in Democracy Development and Civil Society in Indonesia.
Rotter, J. B. (1971). Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust. American Psychologist, 26, 443-452.
Rubin, A. D. (2002). Security considerations for remote electronic voting. Communications of the ACM, 45(12), 39-44.
Salam, A. F., Rao, H. R., & Pegels, C. C. (2003). Consumer-perceived risk in e-commerce transactions. Communications of the ACM, 46(12), 325-331.
Schaupp, L. C., & Carter, L. (2005). E-voting: From apathy to adoption. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(5).
Schlösser, R. G. M., Wagner, G., & Sauer, H. (2006). Assessing the working memory network: Studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging and structural equation modeling. Neuroscience. 139, 91–103.
Shapiro, S. P. (1987). The social control of impersonal trust. American Journal of Sociology, 93(3), 623-658.
Shareef, M. A., Kumar, V., Kumar, U., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2011). e-Government Adoption Model (GAM): Differing service maturity levels. Government Information Quarterly, 28(1), 17-35.
Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Re-conceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management, 17(1), 9-38.
Sitkin, S. B, & Roth, N. L. (1993). Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic "remedies" for trust/distrust. Organization Science, 4, 367-392.
Smith, R. G. (2001). The risks and benefits of electronic voting. 15th Australian Forum—Melbourne.
Snead, T., & Wright, E. (2014). E-government research in the United States. Government Information Quarterly, 31(1), 129-136.
Sobel, M. E. (1986). Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure. Sociological Methodology, 16, 159–186.
Soloop, F. I. (2001). Digital democracy comes of age: Internet Voting and the 2000 Arizona Primary Election. Political Science and Politics, 34(2), 289-293.
Stratford, J. S. and Stratford, J. (2001). Computerized and networked government information. Journal of Government Information, 28(3): 297–301.
Stamoulis, A., & Tsalis. (2014). Electronic voting in practice. Doctoral dissertation, cis.aueb.gr
Tadayoshi, K., Stubblefield, A., Rubin, A. D., & Wallach, D. S. (2004). Analysis of an electronic voting system. Security and Privacy, 2004 Proceedings IEEE Symposium.
Tan, Y. H., & Theon, W. (2001). Toward a generic model of trust for electronic commerce. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 5(2), 61–74.
Tezci, E. (2009). Teachers’ effect on ICT use in education: The Turkey sample. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1285–1294.
Tolbert, C. J., & Mossberger, K. (2006). The effects of e-government on trust and confidence in government. Public Administration Review, 66(3), 354-369.
United Nations. (2014). United Nations e-government survey. New York: United Nations.
Venkatesh, V., & Morris, V. M. G. (2000). Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions, gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior? MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 115-139.
Vicente, P., & Reis, E. (2007). Segmenting households according to recycling attitudes in a Portuguese urban area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(1), 1-12.
World map of e-voting. (2015). Competence Center for Electronic Voting and Participation perceptions and intention to use. European Journal of Information Systems, 16(2), 106–120.
Yao, Y., & Murphy, L. (2007). Remote electronic voting systems: An exploration of voters.
Zetter, K. (2003). Aussies do it right: E-voting. Wired News.