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研究生： 陳冠宇
Guan-Yu Chen
論文名稱： 以田口試驗設計法探討添加膨脹劑及乾縮抑制劑與乳膠改善飛灰及爐石基鹼激發複合膠體工程性質之研究
Study on Improving Engineering Properties of Fly Ash and Slag Based Alkali Activated Composite Cementitious Binder by Adding Expansion Agent and Shrinkage Reducing Agent and Latex Using Taguchi Experimental Design Method
指導教授： 張大鵬
Ta-Peng Chang
陳君弢
Chun-Tao Chen
口試委員: 王韡蒨
Wei-Chien Wang
林秉如
Ping-Ju Lin
邱建國
Chien-Kuo Chiu
楊仲家
Chung-Chia Yang
陳君弢
Chun-Tao Chen
張大鵬
Ta-Peng chang
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工程學院 - 營建工程系
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering
論文出版年： 2023
畢業學年度： 112
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 172
中文關鍵詞： 煅燒稻殼灰 、氧化鎂 、田口試驗設計法 、鹼激發材料 、無機聚合物 、水玻璃模數 、飛灰 、爐石 、養護環境 、乾縮 、膨脹劑 、高分子乳膠 、收縮抑制劑
外文關鍵詞： calcined rice husk ash, magnesium oxide, Taguchi experimental design methods, alkali activated materials, geopolymer, waterglass modulus, fly ash, slag, curing environment, shrinkage, expansion agent, polymer emulsion, shrinkage reducing agent
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    • 本研究分成兩階段進行，第一階段探討以0、5、10、15、及20 %等五種不同體積之煅燒稻殼灰取代爐石粉，及添加0、0.5、1.0、1.5、及2.0 %等五種不同體積之高細度活性氧化鎂所製成爐石基鹼激發膠結漿體之工程性質，第二階段則採用田口實驗設計法，配置四因子三水準之實驗變數，各因子及水準分別為A因子(飛灰取代爐石比例)、取代比例為30 %、50 %、70 %；B因子(乳膠添加量)，添加比例為被激發粉體之5 %、10 %、15 %；C因子(膨脹劑劑量)，添加比例為被激發粉體之5 %、7.5 %、10 %；D因子(乾縮抑制劑劑量)，添加比例為被激發粉體之1 %、2 %、3 %，採用固定液固比0.45、固定水玻璃模數0.8、鹼激發劑為氫氧化鈉及矽酸鈉溶液、鹼當量為6%，進行探討各因子及水準對鹼激發複合膠體之工程性質影響及提出最佳配比組合。
    研究結果指出：(1)添加稻殼灰及氧化鎂可縮短凝結時間；(2)不含氧化鎂僅以煅燒稻殼灰取代爐石粉之最佳取代量為10 %，硬固漿體最高抗壓強度為齡期28天之102.69 MPa；(3)添加2 %氧化鎂可提升pH值加速聚合反應及產生類水滑石，縮短凝結時間並產生體積膨脹；(4)最佳稻殼灰取代量應小於10%、氧化鎂添加量應小於1 %，可有較佳體積穩定性且具有較佳經濟性；(5)飛灰(因子A)對新拌漿體流動性及凝結時間、硬固漿體抗壓強度及吸水率之影響最大，貢獻度皆大於60 %以上。(6)抗彎強度於早期齡期(3天及7天)時，由乳膠(因子B)添加量與膨脹劑(因子C)劑量主導，貢獻度分別為31.89 %、39.59 %，28天及56天齡期則由飛灰(因子A)主導，貢獻度分別為82.44 %及42.8 2%。(7) 膨脹劑(因子C)添加量在10%時，試體吸水率最大且浸於水中時會過度膨脹。(8)乾縮抑制劑(因子D)影響早齡期(3天及7天)乾縮量最為顯著，膨脹劑(因子C)則影響晚期(28天及56天) 乾縮量最顯著，貢獻度分別為37.76 %、57.48 %、68.94 %及70.02 %。(9)乾縮抑制劑(因子D)對於早期之力學強度及體積穩定性影響較大，但隨齡期增加則影響漸小。(10)為使材料具有較佳之綜合性能，各因子最佳化的選用區間應為飛灰取代量(因子A)應介於30 % ~ 50 %取代量，乳膠添加量(因子B)介於5 % ~ 10 %、膨脹劑(因子C)介於5.0 % ~ 7.5 %、乾縮抑制劑(因子D)小於2 %。

    This research was dived into two parts to study. The first part studied the engineering properties of slag-based alkali-activated cementitious paste by using the calcined rice husk ash (RHA) with five different volumetric ratios of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % to replace the slag, and adding the high-fineness reactive magnesium oxide (MgO) with five different volumetric ratios of 0,5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%, respectively. The second part used the Taguchi experimental method design with four factors and three levels of experimental variables. Factor A was the proportion of fly ash replacing slag with the replacement proportions of 30 %, 50 %, and 70 %, factor B was the latex with adding proportions of 5 %, 10 %, 15 % of the bonder powder, factor C was the expansion agent dosage with the adding proportion of 5 %, 7.5 %, 10 % of the bonder powder, and factor D was the dosage of dry shrinkage reducing agent with the addition ratios of 1%, 2%, and 3% of the precusor powder, respectively. The liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.45, waterglass modulus (Ms.) of 0.8 and alkali equivalent of 6% for the alkali-activator using solutions of sodium hydroxide and soldiun silicate were fixed%, respectively. The impacts of various factors and levels on the engineering properties of alkali-activated materials were studied and the combination of optimal ratio were proposed.
    The research results pointed out that: (1) Addition of RHA could shorten the setting times. (2) Optimum volumetric ratio of RHA to replace slag without MgO was 1.0%, which had the highest compressive strength of 102.69 MPa. (3) Addition of 2% MgO could enhance the pH value to accelerate the polymerization process and produce hydrotalcite-like compounds, which could shorten the setting time and volumetric expansion of sample. (4) Optimum volumetric replacement ratios were RHA of less than 10% and MgO of less than 1%, which had the better volume stability and economical. (5) The fly ash (factor A) had the greatest impact on flowability and setting time of fresh paste and compressive strength and water absorption of hardened paste properties with both of the contribution values higher than 60%. (6) The flexural strength was controlled by the dosages of latex (factor B) and expansion agent (factor C) in the early ages with the contribution values of 31.89% and 39.59% respectively. At ages of 28 and 56 days, it was controlled by fly ash (factor A) with the contribution values of 82.44% and 42.82% respectively. (7) At the dosage of 10% of expansion agent (factor C) was added, the specimens had the greatest water absorption and the excessive volumetric expansion. (8) The shrinkage reducing agent (factor D) had the most significant influence on the shrinkage at ages of 3 and 7 days, while the expansion agent (factor C) affected that at ages of 7 days and 56 days with the contributionvalues of 37.76%, 57.48%, 68.94% and 70.02% respectively. (9) The shrinkage reducing agent (factor D) had the greatest impact on the the mechanical strength and volumetric stability at early ages, but was gradually reduced with elapse of curing ages. (10) In order to make the material to have better comprehensive performance, the optimal selection ranges of each factor should be that the fly ash (factor A) was between 30% and 50% of substitution amount, the polymer emulsion (factor B) was between 5% and 10%, the expansion agent (factor C) was between 5.0% and 7.5%, and shrinkage reducing agent (factor D) was less than 2%

    中文摘要 i Abstract iii 致謝 v 總目錄 vii 表目錄 xi 圖目錄 xv 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機 1 1.2 研究目的 2 1.3 研究流程與內容 2 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2.1 鹼激發材料發展歷史 5 2.2 鹼激發反應機理 6 2.2.1. 矽鈣類(Si+Ca)或高鈣類反應過程與生成物 10 2.2.2. 矽鋁類(Si+Al)或低鈣類反應過程與生成物 12 2.2.3. 混合或中間鈣反應過程及生成物 13 2.3 鹼激發基材 16 2.3.1. 稻殼灰(RHA) 16 2.3.2. 水淬爐石粉(GGBFS) 17 2.3.3. 爐石粉粒徑的影響 19 2.3.4. 飛灰 20 2.3.5. 爐石與飛灰共同混合之影響 21 2.4 鹼激發材料之體積穩定性 23 2.4.1. 體積收縮機理 24 2.4.1.1. 毛細管應力 25 2.4.1.1. 解離壓力(disjoining pressure) 26 2.4.1.2. 表面自由能 26 2.4.1.3. 層間水的移動 27 2.5 利用膨脹劑及乾縮抑制劑改善體積穩定性方式 28 2.5.1. 氧化鎂系膨脹劑 28 2.5.2. 氧化鈣系膨脹劑 31 2.5.3. 乾縮抑制劑(shrinkage reducing agent, SRA) 34 2.5.4. 高分子乳膠(latex)改善乾縮量及機械性質 36 2.6 田口試驗設計法 38 2.6.1. 利用田口方法進行最佳化設計之研究文獻 39 2.6.2. 田口試驗法設計流程 41 2.6.2.1. 田口法品質特性分析 41 2.6.2.2. 田口法實驗結果定量分析 43 第三章 實驗計畫 67 3.1 以稻殼灰及氧化鎂改善爐石基工程性質之實驗項目 67 3.2 田口實驗設計法之矩陣配置與實驗項目 68 3.3 實驗拌製說明 69 3.4 實驗方式 69 3.4.1. 漿體新拌性質 69 3.4.2. 漿體硬固性質測試 70 3.5 實驗材料 73 3.6 實驗設備 74 第四章 實驗結果分析 84 4.1 稻殼灰及氧化鎂改善鹼激發爐石基漿體工程性質實驗結果 84 4.1.1. 漿體新拌性質 84 4.1.1.1. 流度實驗 84 4.1.1.2. 凝結時間實驗 84 4.1.2. 漿體硬固性質 85 4.1.2.1. 抗壓強度實驗 85 4.1.2.2. 超音波速 86 4.1.2.3. 乾縮量實驗 87 4.2 田口實驗設計法實驗結果 88 4.2.1. 漿體新拌性質 88 4.2.1.1. 流度實驗 88 4.2.1.2. 凝結時間實驗 90 4.2.2. 漿體硬固性質 91 4.2.2.1. 抗壓強度實驗 91 4.2.2.2. 抗彎強度實驗 93 4.2.2.3. 吸水率實驗 94 4.2.3. 乾縮量實驗 96 4.2.3.1. 室溫空氣養護環境 96 4.2.3.2. 浸水養護環境 98 4.2.3.3. 恆溫恆濕養護環境 100 第五章 結論與建議 155 5.1 稻殼灰及氧化鎂改善鹼基發爐石基漿體工程性質實驗小結 155 5.2 田口實驗設計法實驗小結 156 5.3 建議 157 參考文獻 159

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