Effect of Organic Matter and Pre-oxidation on Harvesting Algae Using Chitosan and PACl

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研究生：	蔡力明 Ramon - Pranowo
論文名稱：	Effect of Organic Matter and Pre-oxidation on Harvesting Algae Using Chitosan and PACl Effect of Organic Matter and Pre-oxidation on Harvesting Algae Using Chitosan and PACl
指導教授：	劉志成 Jhy-Chern Liu
口試委員:	Suryadi Ismadji Suryadi Ismadji Renanto Handogo Renanto Handogo
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2011
畢業學年度：	99
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	117
中文關鍵詞：	臭氧、胞外代謝物、多元氯化鋁、藻類、幾丁聚醣、混凝、膠凝、過氧化氫
外文關鍵詞：	Algae, chitosan, coagulation, flocculation, H2O2, organic matter, ozonation, polyaluminium chloride (PACl).
相關次數：	點閱：237 下載：1
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此研究目的在於評估分離和預氧化這兩種前處理程序對於藻類懸浮液性質影響，及其利用混凝分離藻類的成效。我們使用多元氯化鋁(PACl)和幾丁聚醣(chitosan)作為混凝劑，並且利用掃瞄式電子顯微鏡(SEM)、傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(FTIR)、界面電位儀、粒徑分析儀、凝膠過濾色層分析儀(GFC)、激發/發散陣列光譜儀(EEM)和濕式化學分析法：包括濁度、溶解性有機碳(DOC)、蛋白質/多醣類分析等進行藻類懸浮液定性。
實驗結果顯示，藻類胞外代謝物(Extracellular organic matter, EOM)會減少藻類的移除效率，以及增加混凝劑的需求量。幾丁聚醣在原始藻類懸浮液樣本的濁度處理上比聚氯化鋁有更高的效率；然而，若是處理分離後的藻類懸浮液樣本，則以聚氯化鋁的效率較高。蛋白質/多醣類、溶解性有機碳和激發/發散陣列光譜儀的結果確定了有機物質在混凝程序中很難被移除。
在此研究中，我們使用臭氧以及結合臭氧和過氧化氫來作為兩種預氧化程序，它們影響藻類懸浮液的性質主要透過礦化藻類胞外代謝物、藻類去活性、釋放胞內物質(Intracellular organic matter, IOM) 、以及將分子量分怖朝較小的區間位移等。結合臭氧和過氧化氫，因其較強的氧化力，效果比起單獨使用臭氧佳。預氧化處理後，混凝程序中的濁度和溶解性有機碳移除率皆有顯著的改善。從經過預氧化處理後的藻類膠凝物粒徑變大來判斷，在預氧化處理中釋放的有機物質可作為膠凝劑，並在膠凝程序中藉由雙重膠凝來增進效果。

This study aims to study the effects of two pretreatments processes, i.e. isolation and pre-oxidation, on algal suspension and its separation using coagulation-flocculation. Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and chitosan are used as coagulant in this study. Characteristics of algae suspension after pretreatment are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential measurement, particle sizer, gel filtration chromatography (GFC), emission-excitation matrix (EEM), and wet chemical analysis, including turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), protein and polysaccharide.
Results show that the presence of extracellular organic matter (EOM) decreases algae removal efficiency and increases coagulant demand. In terms of coagulant type, turbidity results show that chitosan has higher efficiency than PACl when used for original algae sample. However, PACl demonstrates better efficiency for isolated algae suspensions. Protein, polysaccharide, DOC, and EEM results confirm that organic matter is hardly removed during coagulation process.
Pre-oxidation processes applied in this study include ozonation and combination of ozonation and H2O2. Both affect properties of algal suspension through mineralization of EOM, inactivation of algae cells, release of intracellular organic matter (IOM), and shift of molecular weight distribution to lower molecular weight range. Combination of ozonation and H2O2 provides better performance than ozone alone in enhancing separation efficiency due to stronger oxidation effect. Both turbidity and DOC removal efficiency after pre-oxidation are improved significantly. Judging from the increase in floc size after pre-oxidation, it is proposed that organic matter released after pre-oxidation can act as flocculant and results in enhanced flocculation via dual-flocculation during coagulation process.

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................... i
ABSTRACT (in Chinese)...................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................... .iii
NOMENCLATURES............................................................. .iv
CONTENTS.................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES............................................................. .ix
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................. xi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................... 1-1
1. Background............................................................. 1-1
2. Objective.............................................................. 1-2
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................... 2-1
1. Algae (Chlorella vulgaris) and extracellulaar organic matter (EOM)......2-1
2. Coagulation-flocculation............................................... 2-2
2.1. Coagulation.......................................................... 2-2
2.2. Flocculation......................................................... 2-2
3. Coagulant.............................................................. 2-3
3.1. PACl................................................................ 2-3
3.2. Chitosan ............................................................ 2-4
4. Coagulation of algae.................................................. 2-5
5. Coagulation of NOM..................................................... 2-6
6. Advanced oxidation process............................................. 2-8
7. Excitation emission matrix............................................ 2-10
8. Gel filtration chromatography (GFC).................................. 2-12
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS........................................... 3-1
1. Cultivation of algae................................................... 3-1
2. Chemicals.............................................................. 3-2
3. Equipments............................................................. 3-3
4 Experimental design and methods........................................ 3-4
4.1. Pretreatment step................................................... 3-4
4.2. Coagulation/flocculation step....................................... 3-7
4.3. Characteristic/analysis step......................................... 3-8
4.3.1. SEM................................................................ 3-8
4.3.2. FTIR............................................................... 3-8
4.3.3. Turbidity.......................................................... 3-9
4.3.4. Zeta potential .................................................... 3-9
4.3.5. DOC .............................................................. 3-10
4.3.6. Particle size distribution ...................................... 3-10
4.3.7. Protein and polyssacharide analysis ............................. 3-11
4.3.8. EEM .............................................................. 3-12
4.3.9. GFC.............................................................. 3-13
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................... 4-1
1. Characteristic of algae................................................ 4-1
1.1. SEM.................................................................. 4-1
1.2. FTIR................................................................. 4-2
1.3. EEM.................................................................. 4-2
2. Coagulation of algae using PACl and chitosan.......................... 4-4
2.1. Effect of coagulant dose............................................. 4-4
2.2. Particle size distribution........................................... 4-6
2.3. DOC................................................................. 4-10
2.4. EEM................................................................. 4-12
3. Effect pre-oxidation on algae sample.................................. 4-16
3.1. SEM................................................................. 4-16
3.2. FTIR................................................................ 4-21
3.3. Turbidity........................................................... 4-23
3.4. DOC ................................................................ 4-24
3.5. GFC................................................................. 4-26
3.6. Zeta potential...................................................... 4-29
3.7. Particle size distribution.......................................... 4-30
3.8. EEM................................................................. 4-34
4. Effect of pre-oxidation on coagulation of algae....................... 4-37
4.1. Turbidity........................................................... 4-37
4.2. Zeta potential...................................................... 4-39
4.3. DOC ................................................................ 4-40
4.4. Particle size distribution......................................... 4-42
4.5. EEM ................................................................ 4-47
5. Discussion............................................................ 4-52
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 5-1
1. Conclussions........................................................... 5-1
2. Recommendations ....................................................... 5-2
REFERENCES.................................................................. R-1
APPENDIX ................................................................... A-1

                                

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