研究生: |
胡星妮 Husni - Husin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
Fabrication of La-doped NaTaO3 via H2O2 Assisted Sol-Gel Route and Their Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Production Fabrication of La-doped NaTaO3 via H2O2 Assisted Sol-Gel Route and Their Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Production |
指導教授: |
黃炳照
Bing Joe Hwang |
口試委員: |
鄧熙聖
none 吳季珍 none 蘇威年 none 陳良益 none |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering |
論文出版年: | 2011 |
畢業學年度: | 99 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 166 |
中文關鍵詞: | Lanthanun -doped Sodium Thantalum oxide 、hydrogen evolution |
外文關鍵詞: | Lanthanun -doped Sodium Thantalum oxide, hydrogen evolution |
相關次數: | 點閱:213 下載:6 |
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氫氣為一理想之乾淨能源,且其亦為許多化學工業之原料。近來,氫氣主要的來源由非再生能源(如化石燃料)或非環保與經濟之高能量消耗程序產生。因此,新穎之產氫程序之開發如再生能源材料,如生質材料與水,將有機會成為未來數十年極為熱門之研究課題。光催化水產氫為廣泛與具有潛力之方式,由於水含量豐富與取得之方便性,僅利用太陽光與金屬氧化物半導體觸媒,此反應程序即可在大氣條件下進行。而鈉鉭氧 (NaTaO3)為對光催化水分解極有效率的觸媒之一。
本研究之目標為發展對產氫具有潛力的鑭-參雜之鈉鉭氧光觸媒。以過氧化氫-水為溶劑系統,利用雙氧水促進之溶膠-凝膠法合成參雜不同濃度之三價鑭離子(La3+)之結晶鈉鉭氧奈米粒子。在此反應中,五氯化鉭(TaCl5)溶解於雙氧水溶液中,形成穩定透明之Ta-peroxo錯合物之溶液。Ta-peroxo錯合物之形成與檸檬酸之螯合可對於晶體成長有較佳之幫助,並由軟體模擬三價鑭離子取代鈉鉭氧之晶體,結果顯示鑭取代鈉在鈉鉭氧之位置,其模擬結果與實驗結果相符合。適量之鑭離子能有效地增加結晶性而可預防聚集,並可幫助有效地電荷分離且避免光電子電洞之結合。光催化產氫量最高為2.9 mmol g-1h-1 2.0 mol% 鑭-參雜之鈉鉭氧樣品,其1.8倍高於未參雜之鈉鉭氧樣品。比較以溶膠-凝膠法(HT)合成之光觸媒與傳統溶膠-凝膠法(ET)合成光觸媒之水分解光催化活性,HW-之觸媒活性比ET-觸媒活性大1.65倍。相較於傳統之溶膠-凝膠法,雙氧水促進之溶膠-凝膠法合成有較佳之結晶性。
藉由鎳(Ni)奈米粒子共觸媒之沉積在La0.02Na0.98TaO3表面,觸媒之活性可增加10倍。利用鎳之三種狀態(即鎳金屬,氧化鎳,鎳/氧化鎳核殼) La0.02Na00.98TaO3對從純水與甲醇水溶液之氫之機制做系統之研究產。活性從純水之順序為Ni/NiO > NiO >Ni,而活性以甲醇水溶液為Ni > Ni/NiO > NiO。新穎雙金屬鈀/氧化鎳(Pd/NiO)核殼奈米粒子利用含浸法(impregnation)沉積於La0.02Na0.98TaO3光觸媒表面,然後進行低溫熱處理。鈀/氧化鎳核殼奈米粒子合成不同厚度之氧化鎳殼,並推測鈀/氧化鎳奈米粒子之機制。鈀奈米粒子相較於鈀/氧化鎳核殼樣品,表現出最佳之催化活性。然而,由於快速之水生成反應,鈀奈米粒子在水溶液中幾乎沒有活性。氧化鎳殼厚度之效應對光催化活性有系統之探討。殼的厚度隨加入的鎳的量而增厚,鈀/氧化鎳核殼(1 nm厚) 0.1 wt% 鈀與0.2 wt% 鎳表現出最佳之氫氣產量,約為與3.42 mmol g-1h-1 從純水與26.2 mmol g-1h-1從甲醇水溶液。加入甲醇水溶液當犧牲試劑,扮演電子提供者之角色,可提升氫氣之產量。
藉由甲醇扮演犧牲試劑,有效地抓住電洞(hole),避免電子-電洞再結合效應,而有較高之產氫效果。然而,再結合與電荷轉移反應的競爭造成氫與氧在光觸媒表面之逆反應。氫氣產量從純水為Pd/NiO>Pd,而從甲醇水溶液為Pd>Pd/NiO。甲醇水溶液之產氫中,金屬鎳與鈀為最具活性且利於反應之活性位置。
氧化鎳包附之鎳與鈀奈米粒子可抑制氧氣光還原與/或促進水之光還原。核殼結構之Ni/NiO與Pd/NiO對水分解產氫有極大之重要性,因此Ni/NiO與Pd/NiO奈米粒子沉積於La0.02Na0.98TaO3為具有潛力之光觸媒產氫系統對於水或甲醇溶液。由此快速與環保之”綠色程序”可合成出具有較佳之結晶性,較小之粒徑與較佳光催化活性之鑭-參雜鈉鉭氧奈米粒子。
Hydrogen is an ideal source of clean energy as well as being a raw material in many chemical industries. Recently, hydrogen has been mainly obtained from non-renewable resources (e.g., fossil fuels) or from high-energy consumption processes that are neither environmentally friendly nor economical. Therefore, the development of new methods to produce hydrogen from sustainable materials, such as biomass and water, will become a hot topic of research in the coming decades. The photocatalytic production of hydrogen from water is an attractive and potentially rewarding approach because water is abundant and freely available. The reaction processes can occur in ambient conditions using only sunlight and a metal oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. Among various metal oxides, NaTaO3 was reported to be one of the most efficient photocatalysts for water decomposition.
The general goal of this research has been to develop the potential of a La-doped NaTaO3 photocatalyst for use in hydrogen production. To achieve this, crystalline NaTaO3 nanoparticles (NPs) doped with different concentrations of La3+ were synthesized via a H2O2-assisted sol-gel route using a hydrogen peroxide-water based solvent system (HW-derived). In this reaction, TaCl5 was dissolved in aqueous H2O2 solution to form a stable transparent Ta-peroxo complex solution. The formation of tantalum-peroxo complexes and their chelation by citric acid enables a better control of crystal growth. The substitution of La3+ ions in the NaTaO3 lattice is verified by crystallographic simulation (CaRIne Crystallography version 3.1). These results indicate that La3+ ions occupy the Na+ ions sites, which agrees very well with the experimental data. The optimal content of La3+ ions effectively increases crystallinity without agglomeration, contributing to efficient charge separation while preventing recombination between photogenerated electrons and holes. The highest photocatalytic H2 production of 2.9 mmol g-1cat.h-1 was obtained for a 2.0 mol% La-doped NaTaO3 sample, 1.8 times-higher than the non-doped NaTaO3. The photocatalytic activity of water splitting on the photocatalyst HW-derived were compared with those prepared by conventional sol-gel samples made using ethanol as a solvent (ET-derived). The H2 evolution of the HW-derived sample is about 1.65 times higher than ET-derived sample. Compared to the conventional sol-gel method, the H2O2-assisted sol-gel route produced La-doped NaTaO3 with good crystallinity. These materials exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the HW-derived samples in water splitting than the ET-derived produced material. The activity of the sample was able to be increased 10-fold by depositing nickel nanoparticles (NPs) as a cocatalyst on the surface of the La0.02Na0.98TaO3. The possible mechanisms of H2 evolution from pure water and from aqueous methanol solutions using nickel in three states (i.e. Ni metal, NiO oxide, and Ni/NiO core/shell)-La0.02Na00.98TaO3, are discussed systematically. It is clearly shown that the activity of hydrogen generation from pure water is in the sequence: Ni/NiO > NiO >Ni, whereas the activity sequence with respect to aqueous methanol is: Ni > Ni/NiO > NiO. In this work, a novel bimetallic Pd/NiO core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) was also deposited on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 photocatalyst using an impregnation method with heat treatment at low temperature. The Pd/NiO core/shell NPs were synthesized by controlling the coating of NiO on Pd NPs. A possible synthesis mechanism for Pd/NiO NPs on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 is proposed. The Pd NPs show higher hydrogen production from aqueous methanol solutions than do the Pd/NiO core/shells. In contrast, Pd NPs loaded on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 show negligible activity from pure water, due to rapid water formation. The effect of the NiO shell thickness on photocatalytic activity is discussed. The shell thickness increases with the amount of nickel. Pd/NiO core/shells (1 nm thick) with 0.1 wt% palladium and 0.2 wt% nickel, displayed the highest hydrogen evolution i.e. 3.42 mmol g-1h-1 and 26.2 mmol g-1h-1 from pure water and aqueous methanol solutions, respectively. The hydrogen evolution from aqueous methanol solutions was greatly enhanced by adding electron donors as sacrificial reagents. The recombination is interrupted by the effective capture of the holes by methanol acting as a sacrificial reagent, thereby leading to higher hydrogen evolution. However, the competition between the recombination and the charge-transfer reaction occurs in pure water leading to a possible back reaction between H2 and O2 on the photocatalyst’s surface. Hydrogen generation from pure water is in sequence: Pd/NiO > Pd, whereas the activity sequence with respect to aqueous methanol is: Pd > Pd/NiO. Metallic Ni and Pd present the most active sites favoring the formation of hydrogen from aqueous methanol. The NiO coated Ni and Pd NPs suppresses the O2 photo-reduction and/or promotes the H2O photo-reduction. The core-shell Ni/NiO and Pd/NiO NPs are of great significance in water splitting hydrogen production, thus Ni/NiO and Pd/NiO core-shell nanoparticles loaded on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 are very promising candidates for photocatalytic hydrogen production either from either pure water or aqueous methanol solutions. The NaTaO3 nanoparticles produced by this facile, environmentally friendly ‘green process’ have better crystallinity, smaller size and higher photocatalytic activity.
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