IEEE 802.15.4是無線感測網絡中的一種。無線感測網絡由數個感測節點大量、密集部署，為各種應用之物理現象所構成的網路系統。IEEE 802.15.4面對的挑戰是如何分別在競爭週期和免競爭週期中提高產能和頻寬使用率。本論文提出了一種改善媒體存取控制方法，稱為超碼框區間調整傳輸機制(SUDAS)，並分析競爭週期及免競爭週期的整體傳輸量。
超碼框區間調整傳輸機制著重在星狀拓樸中保證時槽分配長度，根據封包長度來確定保證時槽精確的開始時間及保證時槽長度；本論文提出之傳輸機制期望能有效的分配保證時槽給請求之裝置節點，以改善免競爭週期頻寬使用率；然而競爭週期之長度，可以被其他裝置節點拿來傳送沒有被分配之保證時槽使用的封包。本論文另外提出對於本傳輸機制之馬可夫鏈分析，預測成功傳輸量、網路之有效產能、平均頻寬使用率及整個網絡耗能之機率。本論文提出之傳輸機制與其他演算法相比，在成功封包傳輸、網絡實際傳輸量、平均頻寬利用率和能源消耗上有更好的表現。
在使用時槽型之載波偵測多重存取/碰撞避免機制來競爭，裝置節點會在競爭狀態時執行通道淨空評估，找出下一個倒退時槽起始邊界。對於載波偵測多重存取/碰撞避免機制的挑戰如下：首先，當裝置偵測到通道忙碌時，則必須增加倒退指數的數值，此值所選取的隨機倒退值也將會增加，且因裝置節點增加而導致為進入下一個倒退階段更多的能量消耗。此外，在時槽型之載波偵測多重存取/碰撞避免機制中的倒退機制將導致較低的通道使用率以及更多的能源消耗。因此本論文提出一個延遲調整機制(ADES)，改善IEEE 802.15.4之媒體存取控制副層，此機制可在忙碌狀態下調整通道淨空評估之延遲，在調整第三次通道淨空評估時，不僅可以減少碰撞機率，也能增加進入下一個倒退階段的機率。另外也提出馬可夫鏈來預測成功傳輸率、網絡有效產能以及整體網路能量消耗。此分析模型能夠證明提出之研究方法模擬結果在有效成功傳輸機率、網絡有效產能及能源消耗上優於標準IEEE 802.15.4。

The IEEE 802.15.4 is one of candidates for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks consist of large number of sensors that are densely deployed to some physical phenomena for wide variety applications. The challenges of the IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled mode are how to improve throughput and bandwidth utilization in contention access period (CAP) and contention free period (CFP), respectively. This dissertation proposes a scheme to improve IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control, called superframe duration adjustment scheme (SUDAS), which analyze the overall of the IEEE 802.15.4 not only CAP but also CFP.
SUDAS focuses on assigning adjustable length of GTS slot based on the length of packet and also determining the precise time for the GTS starting time (GTSstart) and the GTS length (GTSlength) for star topology. SUDAS is expected to effectively allocate GTS to the requested device nodes to improve bandwidth utilization in CFP, while the length of CAP can be used by the other device nodes to transmit their packets which not to be allocated GTS to transmit data packets. This dissertation also presents a comprehensive Markov chain analysis for SUDAS, especially for star topology, to predict the probability of successful transmission, network goodput, average bandwidth utilization as well as total network energy consumption. The validity of the analytical model is proven by closely matching the simulation experiments. SUDAS performs better than the other algorithms in term of the probability of successful packet transmission, network goodput, average bandwidth utilization and total energy consumption.
In the contention mechanism used to slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). Device nodes will perform blind backoff process as soon as the clear channel assessment (CCA) detects as busy condition. The challenge of CSMA/CA as following: first, when the device nodes detect the channel in busy condition, the device nodes have to increase the value of backoff exponent (BE) that lead to range of blind backoff process also increase. Second, when the device nodes detect the channel in busy condition, the device nodes have to increase number of backoff stage which lead to more energy consumptions for entering next backoff stage. In addition, the blind backoff process in the slotted CSMA/CA will lead to lower channel utilization and more energy consumptions. This dissertation also proposes a scheme to improve IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control, called adjustment delay scheme (ADES). The proposed ADES algorithm can adjust delay for CCA when in busy condition. Adjustment delay and addition third CCA not only reduce probability collision but also reduce probability going to next backoff stage. This scheme also presents a comprehensive Markov chain analysis to predict the probability of successful transmission, network goodput and total network energy consumption. The validity of the analytical model is proven by closely matching the simulation experiments. ADES performs better than IEEE 802.15.4 standard in term of the probability of successful packet transmission, network goodput and as well as energy consumption in the networks

[1] IEEE 802.15.4, “Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs),” IEEE standard for information technology, September 2006.
[2] C Intanagonwiwat, R Govindan, and D Estrin, “Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks,” In Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp. 56-67, August 2000.
[3] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser, “Wireless integrated network sensors,” In Commun. ACM, vol. 43, pp. 51-58, May 2000.
[4] WB Heinzelman, AP Chandrakasan, H Balakrishnan, “An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.1, no.4, pp. 660- 670, Oct 2002.
[5] IF Akyildiz, W Su, Y Sankarasubramaniam, E Cayirci, “A survey on sensor networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.40, no.8, pp. 102- 114, August 2002.
[6] E Callaway, P Gorday, L Hester, JA Gutierrez, M Naeve, B Heile, V Bahl, “Home networking with IEEE 802.15.4: a developing standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.40, no.8, pp. 70- 77, August 2002.
[7] L Krishnamurthy, R Adler, P Buonadonna, J Chhabra, M Flanigan, N Kushalnagar, L Nachman, and M Yarvis, “Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: experiences from a semiconductor plant and the north sea,” In ACM proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems (SenSys), 2005.
[8] K Khakpour, MH Shenassa, “Industrial Control using Wireless Sensor Networks,” 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications (ICTTA), pp.1-5, 7-11 April 2008.
[9] VC Gungor, GP Hancke, “Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks: Challenges, Design Principles, and Technical Approaches,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.56, no.10, pp.4258-4265, Oct. 2009.
[10] KA Agha, M.-H. Bertin, T. Dang, A Guitton, P Minet, T Val, J-B Viollet, “Which Wireless Technology for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks? The Development of OCARI Technology,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.56, no.10, pp.4266-4278, Oct. 2009.
[11] Z Chuanwu, “Sensor Networks Based Grassland and Wetland Humidity Monitoring System,” 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments (ICEMI), pp.89-91, Aug. 2007.
[12] F Hu, Y Wang, H Wu, “Mobile telemedicine sensor networks with low-energy data query and network lifetime considerations,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.5, no.4, pp. 404- 417, April 2006.
[13] Q Ling, Z Tian, Y Yin, Y Li, “Localized Structural Health Monitoring Using Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol.9, no.11, pp.1596-1604, Nov. 2009.
[14] H Yan, H Huo, Y Xu, M Gidlund, “Wireless sensor network based E-health system?? implementation and experimental results,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.56, no.4, pp.2288-2295, November 2010.
[15] Y Chen, W Shen, H Huo, Y Xu, “A Smart Gateway for Health Care System Using Wireless Sensor Network,” Fourth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM), pp.545-550, 18-25 July 2010.
[16] R Bajcsy, “A Wireless Body Sensor Network for Different Health Related Applications,” IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC), pp.1, 7-9 June 2010.
[17] J Ko, JH Lim, Y Chen, R Musaloiu-E, A Terzis, GM. Masson, T Gao, W Destler, L Selavo and RP. Dutton, ”MEDiSN: Medical emergency detection in sensor networks,” ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. vol. 10, no. 1,Pp. 1-29, August 2010.
[18] E Callaway, P Gorday, L Hester, JA Gutierrez, M Naeve, B Heile, and V Bahl, “Home Networking with IEEE 802.15.4: A Developing Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, issue 8, pp. 70- 77, Aug. 2002.
[19] H Oh, H Bahn, K-J Chae, “An energy-efficient sensor routing scheme for home automation networks,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.51, no.3, pp. 836- 839, Aug. 2005.
[20] S-H Hong, B Kim, D-S Eom, “A Base-station Centric Data Gathering Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Useful in Home Automation Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.53, no.3, pp.945-951, Aug. 2007.
[21] HS Kim, J-H Song, S Lee, “Energy-Efficient Traffic Scheduling in IEEE 802.15.4 for Home Automation Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.53, no.2, pp. 369 - 374, 2007.
[22] J Byun, S Park, “Development of a self-adapting intelligent system for building energy saving and context-aware smart services,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.57, no.1, pp.90-98, February 2011.
[23] M Demirbas, KY Chow and CS Wan, “INSIGHT: Internet-Sensor Integration for Habitat Monitoring,” In IEEE Computer Society Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM), pp.553-558, 2006.
[24] I Hakala, M Tikkakoski, I Kivela, “Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental Monitoring - Case Foxhouse,” Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM), pp.202-208, 25-31 Aug. 2008.
[25] GY Ming, JR Cheng, “A Novel Wireless Sensor Networks Platform for Habitat Surveillance,” International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, vol.4, pp.1028-1031, 12-14 Dec. 2008.
[26] T Naumowicz, R Freeman, A Heil, M Calsyn, E Hellmich, A Brandle, T Guilford, and J Schiller, “Autonomous monitoring of vulnerable habitats using a wireless sensor network,” In ACM Proceedings of the workshop on Real-world wireless sensor networks (REALWSN), pp.51-55, 2008.
[27] AK Othman, KM Lee, H Zen, WAW Zainal, MFM Sabri, “Wireless sensor networks for swift bird farms monitoring,” International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops (ICUMT), pp.1-7, 12-14 Oct. 2009.
[28] G Simon, M Maroti, A Ledeczi, G Balogh, B Kusy, A Nadas, G Pap, J Sallai, and K Frampton, “Sensor network-based countersniper system,” In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems (SenSys), pp.1-12, 2004.
[29] SH Lee, S Lee, H Song, HS Lee, “Wireless sensor network design for tactical military applications: Remote large-scale environments,” IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), vol., no., pp.1-7, 18-21 Oct. 2009.
[30] KA Kumar, “IMCC protocol in heterogeneous wireless sensor network for high quality data transmission in military applications,” 1st International Conference on Parallel Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC), pp.339-343, 28-30 Oct. 2010.
[31] Z Guo, M Zhou, L Zakrevski, “Optimal tracking interval for predictive tracking in wireless sensor network,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol.9, no.9, pp. 805- 807, Sep 2005.
[32] O Ozdemir, R Niu, PK Varshney, “Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Particle Filtering: Physical Layer Considerations,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.57, no.5, pp.1987-1999, May 2009.
[33] J Lin, W Xiao, LF Lewis, L Xie, “Energy-Efficient Distributed Adaptive Multisensor Scheduling for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol.58, no.6, pp.1886-1896, June 2009.
[34] L-H Yen, BY Wu, and C-C Yang, “Tree-based object tracking without mobility statistics in wireless sensor networks,” ACM Journal on Wireessl Network, vol.16, no.5, pp.1263-1276, July 2010.
[35] C Liyan, “Monte Carlo Multi-object Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering (CESCE), vol.2, pp.162-165, 6-7 March 2010.
[36] X Laisheng, P Xiaohong, W Zhengxia, X Bing, H Pengzhi, “Research on Traffic Monitoring Network and Its Traffic Flow Forecast and Congestion Control Model Based on Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), vol.1, pp.142-147, 11-12 April 2009.
[37] G Iannizzotto, FL Rosa, LL Bello, “A wireless sensor network for distributed autonomous traffc monitoring,” 3rd Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI), pp.612-619, 13-15 May 2010.
[38] AA Al-Abdallah, AA Al-Emadi, MM Al-Ansari, NN Mohandes, Q Malluhi, “Real-time traffic surveillance using ZigBee,” International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA), vol.1, pp.550-554, 25-27 June 2010.
[39] Z Shuai, S Oh, and M-H Yang, “Traffic modeling and prediction using camera sensor networks,” Proceedings of the Fourth ACM/IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC), pp.49-56, 2010.
[40] W Li, E Chan, M Hamdi, S Lu, D Chen, “Communication Cost Minimization in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks for Road Surveillance,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.60, no.2, pp.618-631, Feb. 2011.
[41] SH Choi, BK Kim, J Park, CH Kang and DS Eom, “An implementation of wireless sensor network,”IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics,” vol.50, no.1, Pp. 236-244, February, 2004.
[42] RA Leon, V Vital, G Manimaran, “Application of sensor network for secure electric energy infrastructure, “IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 22, issue 2, Pp. 1021-1028, April. 2007.
[43] DR Raymond, RC Marchany, MI Brownfield and SF Midkiff, “Effects of Denial-of-sleep attacks on wireless sensor network MAC protocols,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.58, issue 1, Pp. 367-380, January, 2009.
[44] P Traynor, R Kumar, H Choi, G Cao, S Zhu, and TL Porta, “ Efficient Hybrid Security Mechanism for heterogeneous sensor networks,” IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, vol. 6, issue 6, Pp.663-677, June 2007.
[45] Available: http://www.thisisant.com
[46] M Knight, “Wireless security-How safe is Z-wave?” Computing & Control Engineering Journal, vol. 17, issue 6, Pp. 18-23, Dec-Jan, 2006.
[47] Available: http://www.z-wave.com/
[48] Available: http://www.z-wavealliance.org/
[49] G Csernath, L Szilagyi, G Fordos and SM Szilagyi, “A novel ECG telemetry and monitoring system based on Z-Wave communication,” in Proceeding of Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ‘08, Pp. 2361-2364, Aug. 2008.
[50] Bluetooth SIG, “Bluetooth Core Specification v2.1 + EDR,” available at http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/Building/Specifications/
[51] Bluetooth SIG, “Bluetooth Profile Specifications,” available at http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/Building/Specifications/
[52] IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group, “Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs),” IEEE Std 802.15.1, June 2005
[53] IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group, “Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)-Amendment 1: Add Alternate PHYs,” IEEE Std 802.15.4a, Aug. 2007.
[54] L Angrisani, M Bertocco, D Fortin, A Sona, “Experimental Study of Coexistence Issues Between IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 57, issue 8, pp. 1514−1523, Aug. 2008.
[55] M Bertocco, G Gamba, A Sona and S Vitturi, ”Experimental Characterization of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 57, issue 8, Pp. 1537−1546, Aug. 2008
[56] G Ding, Z Sahinoglu, P Orlik, Z Jinyun, B Bhargava, “Tree-Based Data Broadcast in IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 5, issue 11, pp. 1561−1574, Nov. 2006.
[57] JS Lee, “Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks,”IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics”, vol. 52, issue 3, Aug. 2006.
[58] G Lu, B Krishnamachari and CS Raghavendra, “Performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC for low-rate low-power wireless Networks,” in Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Performance, Computing, and Communications, Pp.701−706, Apr. 2004
[59] J Ma, M Gao, Q Zhang and LM Ni, ”Energy-Efficient Localized Topology Control Algorithms in IEEE 802.15.4-Based Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 18, issue 5, pp. 711−720, May 2007.
[60] LD Nardis and MGD Benedetto, “Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4/4a standards for low data rate Wireless Personal Data Networks,” in Proceeding of 4th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication, pp. 285−289, Mar. 2007.
[61] CK Singh, A Kumar, PM Ameer, “Performance evaluation of an IEEE 802.15.4 sensor network with a star topology,” Wireless Networks, vol. 14, issue 4, pp. 543−568, Aug. 2008.
[62] L Tang, K C Wang, Y Huang and F Gu, ”Channel Characterization and Link Quality Assessment of IEEE 802.15.4-Compliant Radio for Factory Environments,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 3, issue 2, pp. 99−110, May 2007.
[63] EN-Alvarez, M Siller, “A node localization scheme for zigbee-based sensor networks,” IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC), pp.728-733, 11-14 Oct. 2009.
[64] Y Chen, J Yang, W Trappe, RP Martin, “Detecting and Localizing Identity-Based Attacks in Wireless and Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.59, no.5, pp.2418-2434, Jun 2010.
[65] AH Shuaib, AH Aghvami, “A Routing Scheme for the IEEE-802.15.4-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.58, no.9, Pp.5135-5151, Nov. 2009.
[66] AS Raghuvanshi, S Tiwari, “DYMO as routing protocol for IEEE-802.15.4 enabled Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN), vol., no., Pp.1-6, 15-19 Dec. 2010.
[67] V Kumar, S Tiwari, “Performance of Routing Protocols for Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 WSNs with Different Duty Cycle,” International Conference on Devices and Communications (ICDeCom), Pp.1-5, 24-25 Feb. 2011.
[68] C Fischione, SC Ergen, P Park, KH Johansson, A Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, “Medium Access Control Analytical Modeling and Optimization in Unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks,” 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), pp.1-9, 22-26 June 2009.
[69] D Rohm, M Goyal, H Hosseini, A Divjak, Y Bashir, “Configuring Beaconless IEEE 802.15.4 Networks Under Different Traffic Loads,” International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), pp.921-928, 26-29 May 2009.
[70] JS Park, TO Kim, KJ Kim, BD Choi, “Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 Non-Beacon Mode Where Downlink Data Packets Are Transmitted by Piggyback Method,” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) Workshops, pp.1-6, 14-18 June 2009.
[71] A. N. Alvi, S. S. Naqvi, S. H. Bouk, N. Javaid, U. Qasim, and Z. A. Khan,” Evaluation of Slotted CSMA/CA of IEEE 802.15.4,” Seventh International Conference on Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, Canada, 2012.
[72] K. Ashrafuzzaman and K. Sup Kwak, “On the Performance Analysis of the Contention Access Period of EEE 802.15.4 MAC,” IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 15, No. 9, September 2011.
[73] T.-R Park, T.-H Kim, J.-Y Choi, S. Choi, W.-H Kwon, “Throughput and energy consumption analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA,” IEEE Electronics Letters, vol.41, no.18, pp. 1017-1019, 1 September 2005.
[74] T.-J Lee, H.-R Lee, M.-Y Chung, “MAC throughput limit analysis of slotted CSMA/CA in IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol.10, no.7, pp. 561- 563, July 2006
[75] S Pollin, M Ergen, S Ergen, B Bougard, L Der Perre, I Moerman, A Bahai, P Varaiya, F Catthoor, “Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.7, no.9, pp.3359-3371, September 2008.
[76] Y Zhang, F Shu, “Packet Size Optimization for Goodput and Energy Efficiency Enhancement in Slotted IEEE 802.15.4 Networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,pp.1-6, 5-8 April 2009.
[77] J He, Z Tang, HH Chen, Q Zhang, “An accurate and scalable analytical model for IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.8, no.1, pp.440-448, January 2009.
[78] Z Xiao, C He, L Jiang, “An analytical model for IEEE 802.15.4 with sleep mode based on time-varying queue,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kyoto, Japan, 2011.
[79] C Buratti, “Performance analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled mode,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 59, 2031–2045 (2010).
[80] Z Tao, S Panwar, D Gu, J Zhang, “Performance analysis and a proposed improvement for the IEEE 802.15.4 contention access period,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol.4, pp.1811-1818, 3-6 April, 2006.
[81] P Park, P Di Marco, P Soldati, C Fischione, KH Johansson, “A generalized Markov chain model for effective analysis of slotted IEEE 802.15.4,” IEEE 6th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, pp.130-139, 12-15 October 2009.
[82] Y-K Huang, A-C Pang, H-N Hung, “A comprehensive analysis of low-power operation for beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.8, no.11, pp.5601-5611, November 2009.
[83] M Khanafer, M Guennoun, HT Mouftah, “Adaptive sleeping periods in IEEE 802.15.4 for efficient energy savings: markov-based theoretical analysis,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kyoto, Japan, 2011.
[84] B Gao, C He, L Jiang, “Modeling and analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA with sleep mode enabled,” International Conference on Communication Systems, pp.6-11, Guangzhou, China, 2008.
[85] C.-Y Jung, H.-Y Hwang, D.-K Sung, G.-U Hwang, “Enhanced Markov Chain Model and Throughput Analysis of the Slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 Under Unsaturated Traffic Conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.58, no.1, pp.473-478, January 2009.
[86] B Shrestha, E Hossain, S Camorlinga, “A Markov model for IEEE 802.15.4 MAC with GTS transmissions and heterogeneous traffic in non-saturation mode,” in IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS), pp. 56–61, Singapore, 2010.
[87] B.-H. Lee, M Udin Harun Al Rasyid, H.-K. Wu, “Analysis of superframe adjustment and beacon transmission for IEEE 802.15.4 cluster tree networks,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communication and Networking, 2012:219, July 2012
[88] M Martalo, S Busanelli, G Ferrari, “Markov Chain-based performance analysis of multihop IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks,” Performance Evaluation Journal, vol. 66, pp. 722-741, December 2009
[89] P Park, C Fischione, and K Johansson, “Performance analysis of GTS allocation in beacon enabled IEEE 802.15.4,” in 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, pp. 1-9, 2009.
[90] A Koubaa, M Alves, and E Tovar, “GTS allocation analysis in IEEE 802.15.4 for real-time wireless sensor networks,” 20th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 2006
[91] S.-T Sheu, YY Shih, and WT Lee, “CSMA/CF Protocol for IEEE 802.15.4 WPANs,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1501–1516, Mar. 2009.
[92] L-C Ko; Z-T Chou, “A Novel Multi-Beacon Superframe Structure with Greedy GTS Allocation for IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless PANs,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp.2328-2333, Kowloon, March 2007.
[93] A Koubaa, M Alves. E Tovar, A Cunha, “An implicit GTS allocation mechanism in IEEE 802.15.4 for time-sensitive wireless sensor networks: theory and practice” Springer Real-Time Systems Journal, vol. 39, pp. 169-204, August 2008.
[94] H.-W Cho, S.-J Bae, M.-Y Chung, “Utilization-aware dynamic GTS allocation scheme in IEEE 802.15.4,” 2010 16th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), pp.210-214, Oct. 31 2010-Nov. 3 2010.
[95] Y.-K Huang, A-C Pang, H.-N Hung, “An Adaptive GTS Allocation Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol.19, no.5, pp.641-651, May 2008.
[96] L Cheng, Bourgeois AG, X Zhang, "A new GTS allocation scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 networks with improved bandwidth utilization," Communications and Information Technologies, 2007. ISCIT '07. International Symposium, pp.1143-1148, 17-19 Oct. 2007.
[97] B Shrestha, E Hossain,S Camorlinga, R Krishnamoorthy, D Niyato, "An Optimization-Based GTS Allocation Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 MAC with Application to Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks," 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), , pp.1-6, 23-27 May, 2010.
[98] L Yang, S Zeng, “A New GTS Allocation Schemes for IEEE 802.15.4,” 2012 5th International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, pp.1398-1401, 16-18 Oct, 2012.
[99] JS Ranjit, S Shin, “A Modified IEEE 802.15.4 Superframe Structure for Guaranteed Emergency Handling in Wireless Body Area Network,” Network Protocols and Algorithms, pp. 1-15, Vol 5, No 2 (2013).
[100] YS Seo, DY Kim, J Cho, “A Dynamic CFP Allocation and Opportunity Contention-Based WBAN MAC Protocol,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E93-B, no.4, April 2010.
[101] H.-K Wu, B.-H Lee, M Udin Harun Al Rasyid, “Study on Superframe Adjustment for Cluster Tree in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems, pp.43-47, 27-31 May, 2012.
[102] AS Chipcon SmartRF® CC2420 datasheet (rev 1.2), Chipcon corp., 2004.
[103] “Castalia, a simulator for WSNs” [Online]. Available: http://castalia.npc.nicta.com.au/
[104] B Bougard, F Catthoor, DC Daly, “A Chandrakasan, W Dehaene, Energy Efficiency of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in Dense Wireless Microsensor Networks: Modeling and Improvement Perspectives”. Proceeding of Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition. (DATE’05), pp.196-201, Mar. 2005.
[105] K Sarvakar, PS Patel, “An Efficient Hybrid MAC Layer Protocol Utilized for Wireless Sensor Networks”. In Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN), Allahabad, India, pp. 22-26. December 2008.
[106] H Deng, J Shen, B Zhang, J Zheng, J Ma , H Liu. “Performance Analysis for Optimal Hybrid Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks”. In Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications (GLOBECOM) Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, pp. 203-207, November 2008
[107] I Rhee, A Warrier, M Aia, J Min, M.L Sichitiu. “Z-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks”. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 2008, 16, 511-524.
[108] R K Patro, M raina, V Ganapathy, M Shamaiah, C Thejaswi, “ Analysis and Improvement of Contention Access Protocol in IEEE 802.15.4 star network,” IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, MASS 2007. Pp. 1-8, 8-11 Oct, 2007.
[109] MS Iqbal, HS Al-Raweshidy, “Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 Standard for Low Data Rate Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks”. International Conference on Control, Automation and Information Sciences (ICCAIS), Pp. 300-304,25-28 November 2013.
[110] MB Rasheed, N Javaid, A Haider, U Qasim, ZA Khan, TA Alghamdi, “An Energy Consumption Analysis of Beacon Enabled Slotted CSMA/CA IEEE 802.15.4,” 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), Pp. 372-377, 13-16 May 2014.
[111] JY Ha, TH Kim, HS Park, S Choi, WH Kwon, “An Enhanced CSMA-CA Algorithm for IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs”. IEEE Communication. Letters, vol.11, no. 5, Pp. 461-463, May, 2007.
[112] B-H Lee, R-L Lai, H-K Wu, C-M Wong, “Study on Additional Carrier Sensing for IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors, Pp. 6275-6289, June 2010.
[113] Y Kwon, Y Fang and H Latchman, “Design of MAC protocols with fast collision resolution for wireless local area networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 3, Pp. 793−807, May 2004.
[114] JG Ko, YH Cho and H Kim, “Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC with Different Backoff Ranges in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems, Pp. 1−5, Nov. 2006.