矽灰混凝土早期裂縫問題及防治對策之研究｜國立臺灣科技大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	邱恩宏 Fondly - Reymont Kurniawan
論文名稱：	矽灰混凝土早期裂縫問題及防治對策之研究 The Study on the Early Age Cracking due to the Addition of Silica Fume and The Trouble-shooting Strategy
指導教授：	黃兆龍 Chao-Lung Hwang
口試委員:	張大鵬 Ta-Peng Chang 王和源 Her-Yun Wang
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 營建工程系 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering
論文出版年：	2007
畢業學年度：	95
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	150
中文關鍵詞：	early age cracking 、silica fume 、plastic shrinkage 、Hwang-Fuller’s Densified Mixture Design Algorithm
外文關鍵詞：	early age cracking, silica fume, plastic shrinkage, Hwang-Fuller’s Densified Mixture Design Algorit
相關次數：	點閱：142 下載：0
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上一筆

Silica fume is one of the pozzolanic materials that broadly used in creating the high performance concrete. However, improper amount in using silica fume has been reported that it still may induce some cracks, plastic shrinkage, shrinkage due to high water content, and alkali reaction problems due to high-alkali environment. This study tries to investigate the early age cracking due to the addition of silica fume and propose Hwang-Fuller’s Densified Mixture Design Algorithm (HFDMDA) method as the trouble-shooting strategy. Specimens with different water-to-binder ratio (W/B) and silica fume content were made in paste (W/B = 0.20, 0.23, 0.29, 0.35, 0.47, 0.59; SF content = 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), mortar (W/B = 0.35, 0.47, 0.59; SF content = 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), ACI concrete (W/B = 0.23, 0.35, 0.47; SF content = 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), and HFDMDA concrete (W/B = 0.23, 0.35, 0.47; t = 5, 15, 25 μm). Adding silica fume to the system may increase the compressive strength, crack intensities, and electrical resistivity; but reduce the heat of hydration, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rate of water absorption. HFDMDA method, which is proposed as the technique solving problem, shows to have better performance in reducing the crack intensities (until 40.5% in W/B = 0.23) and have the better durability than ACI method.

LIST OF CONTENT



Abstract	………………………………………………………………………..	i
Acknowledgments	……………………………………………………………..	ii
List of Content	…………………………………………………………………	iii
List of Tables	…………………………………………………………………..	v
List of Figures	…………………………………………………………………	vii
List of Abbreviations and Symbols	…………………………………………..	xi
Chapter I – Introduction……………………………………………………	…	1
1.1 Motivation of the Research	…………………………………………….	1
1.2 Purpose of the Research	…………………………………………………	1
1.3 Scope of the Research	…………………………………………………..	2
1.4 Flowchart of the Research	……………………………………………...	2
Chapter II – Literature Review	………………………………………………	4
2.1 Silica Fume	……………………………………………………………..	4
2.2 Mix Design Method	…………………………………………………….	7
2.3 Early Age Cracking	……………………………………………………..	19
Chapter III – Experimental Method	…………………………………………	31
3.1 Experimental Planning	………………………………………………….	31
3.2 Material Selection and Property	…………………………………………	32
3.3 Mix Proportion Procedure	………………………………………………	33
3.4 Experimental Methods and Equipments	………………………………..	39
Chapter IV – Results and Discussions	……………………………………….	67
4.1 Silica Fume	……………………………………………………………..	67
4.2 Flow Test	………………………………………………….…………….	67
4.3 Plastic Index	…………………………………………………………….	69
4.4 Compressive Strength	…………………………………………………..	74
4.5 Drying Shrinkage	……………………………………………………….	77
4.6 Durability Test	………………………………………………………….	79
4.7 Heat of Hydration	……………………………………………………….	81
4.8 SEM Observation	………………………………………………………	82
Chapter V – Conclusion and Suggestions	…………………………………	142
5.1 Conclusion	……………………………………………………………..	142
5.2 Suggestions……………………………………………….…………….	144
References	…………………………………………………………………….	146























LIST OF TABLES



Table 2.1 	Abbreviations of chemical oxide and compounds	…………………..	26
Table 2.2	Weight of water in ACI Method 	…………………………………….	26
Table 2.3	Coarse aggregate content	……………………………………………	26
Table 3.1	Experimental specifications for designing paste	…………………….	50
Table 3.2	Experimental specifications for designing mortar	…………………..	50
Table 3.3	Experimental specifications for designing concrete according to
ACI method	…………………………………………………………..	50
Table 3.4 	 Experimental specifications for designing concrete according to
HFDMDA method	……………………………………………………	50
Table 3.5 	 Physical and Chemical Properties of Cement, Slag, Fly Ash,
and Silica Fume that used in this research	……………………………	51
Table 3.6 	Superplasticizer Glenium 51 Properties	…………………………….	52
Table 3.7 	Properties of River Sand and Stone	…………………………………	52
Table 3.8	The composition of each material (calculated by using
HFDMDA method)	…………………………………………………	52
Table 3.9	Aggregate's Number of Sieve for Ideal Retaining Pass	……………..	53
Table 3.10		Material composition from each mix proportion of paste, mortar,
and concrete	…………………………………………………………	54
Table 3.11 	Size of Plastic Index mold	…………………………………………..	56
Table 4.1	Strength activity index test result	…………………………………...	85
Table 4.2	Flow test of paste group	……………………………………………	85
Table 4.3	Flow test of mortar group	……………………………………………	85
Table 4.4 	Slump and slump flow of ACI concrete specimen	………………….	86
Table 4.5	Slump and slump flow of HFDMDA concrete specimen	………….	86
Table 4.6 	Heat of hydration of paste specimen	……………………………….	87
Table 4.7	Heat of hydration of mortar specimen	………………………………	87
Table 4.8 	Heat of hydration of ACI concrete specimen	……………………….	88
Table 4.9	Heat of hydration of HFDMDA concrete specimen	…………………	88
Table 4.10 	Crack Index of paste group	………………………………………….	89
Table 4.11	Crack Index of mortar group	………………………………………...	89
Table 4.12 	Crack Index of ACI concrete group	…………………………………	90
Table 4.13	Crack Index of HFDMDA concrete group	………………………….	90
Table 4.14 	Compressive strength of paste specimen	……………………………	91
Table 4.15 	Compressive strength of mortar specimen	…………………………..	91
Table 4.16 	Compressive strength of ACI concrete specimen	…………………..	92
Table 4.17 	Compressive strength of HFDMDA concrete specimen	……………	92
Table 4.18 	Drying shrinkage of paste specimen	………………………………..	93
Table 4.19 	Drying shrinkage of mortar specimen	……………………………….	93
Table 4.20 	Drying shrinkage of ACI concrete specimen	………………………..	94
Table 4.21 	Drying shrinkage of HFDMDA concrete specimen	…………………	94
Table 4.22 	Electrical resistivity of ACI concrete specimen	……………………..	95
Table 4.23 	Electrical resistivity of HFDMDA concrete specimen	……………..	95
Table 4.24 	Ultrasonic pulse velocity of ACI concrete specimen	……………….	96
Table 4.25 	Ultrasonic pulse velocity of HFDMDA concrete specimen	…………	96
Table 4.26 	Rate of water absorption of ACI concrete specimen	……………….	97
Table 4.27 	Rate of water absorption of HFDMDA concrete specimen	…………	97










LIST OF FIGURES



Figure 2.1	Silica fume after it is collected	………………………………………	27
Figure 2.2	Agglomeration form of silica fume	…………………………………	27
Figure 2.3	The cumulative percent passing with different h	……………………	28
Figure 2.4	Typical of shrinkage and its time estimation of happening	………….	28
Figure 2.5	Main internal factors affecting the appearance of early age cracking	..	29
Figure 2.6 	Estimating the rate of moisture evaporation from a concrete surface	..	29
Figure 2.7 	Cracks in hypothetical concrete structure 	………………………….	30
Figure 3.1 	Particle Size Distribution of Silica Fume from Elkem Materials (considering the agglomeration)	…………………………………….	57
Figure 3.2 	Particle Size Distribution of Silica Fume from Elkem Materials
(without considering the agglomeration)	…………………………….	57
Figure 3.3 	Particle size distribution of Graded Standard Sand, River Sand,
and Stone	……………………………………………………………..	58
Figure 3.4	Percentage of each material VS h value	……………………………...	58
Figure 3.5	Comparison between the designed Fuller’s curve for aggregate and
standard gradation of the aggregate from CNS 1240 (h = 0.55)	…….	59
Figure 3.6	Comparison between the designed Fuller’s curve for aggregate and
standard gradation of the aggregate from CNS 1240 (h = 0.50)	…….	59
Figure 3.7	Comparison between the designed Fuller’s curve for aggregate and
standard gradation of the aggregate from CNS 1240 (h = 0.45)	…….	60
Figure 3.8	Comparison between the designed Fuller’s curve for aggregate and
standard gradation of the aggregate from CNS 1240 (h = 0.40)	…….	60
Figure 3.9	Comparison between the designed Fuller’s curve for aggregate and standard gradation of the aggregate from CNS 1240 (h = 0.33)	…….	61
Figure 3.10	Relationship between h value and unit weight	………………………	61
Figure 3.11	Mixing machine	……………………………………………………...	62
Figure 3.12 	Procedures to do the heat of hydration test	………………………….	63
Figure 3.13 Schematic design for the model of Plastic Index Test	……………….	64
Figure 3.14	The apparatus for plastic index test	………………..………………..	65
Figure 3.15	The chamber used for controlling the temperature and relative
humidity	……………………………………………………………..	65
Figure 3.16 Compressive strength machine (by Hung Ta Instruments Co., Ltd.)	…	66
Figure 3.17	Length comparator reading with its reference bar	………………….	66
Figure 3.18 	The electrical resistivity test equipments (unit kΩ-cm)	……………..	67
Figure 3.19 	Ultrasonic pulse velocity test device	……………………………….	67
Figure 3.20	The SEM instrument: JEOL JSM-6300	……………………………..	68
Figure 4.1	Strength Activity Index at 7 and 28 days	……………………………	98
Figure 4.2	Flow of paste specimen	……………………………………………..	99
Figure 4.3 	Flow of mortar specimen	…………………………………………….	100
Figure 4.4	Flow of ACI concrete specimen	……………………………………..	101
Figure 4.5	Flow of HFDMDA concrete specimen	………………………………	102
Figure 4.6	Temperature of paste specimen	……………………………………..	103
Figure 4.7	Temperature of mortar specimen	………….………………………..	104
Figure 4.8	Temperature of concrete specimen	…………………………………..	105
Figure 4.9	Temperature and rate of evaporation of concrete specimen	…………	106
Figure 4.10 	Crack Index of paste specimen	………………………………………	107
Figure 4.11 	Crazing	……………………………………………………………….	107
Figure 4.12	Crack Index of mortar specimen	……………………………………	108
Figure 4.13	Crack Index of concrete specimen	…………………………………	109
Figure 4.14	Comparing the crack pattern from paste specimen with different
W/B ratio	……………………………………………………………	112
Figure 4.15	Comparing the crack pattern from paste specimen with different
SF content	……………………………………………………………	113
Figure 4.16	Comparing the crack pattern from mortar specimen with different
W/B ratio	…………………………………………………………….	114
Figure 4.17	Comparing the crack pattern from mortar specimen with different
SF content	……………………………………………………………	115
Figure 4.18	Comparing the crack pattern from ACI concrete specimen with
different W/B	………………………………………………………..	116
Figure 4.19	Comparing the crack pattern from ACI concrete specimen with
different SF content	………………………………………………….	117
Figure 4.20	Comparing the crack pattern from HFDMDA concrete specimen
with different W/B ratio	………………………………………………	118
Figure 4.21	Comparing the crack pattern from HFDMDA concrete specimen with different coating thickness	…………………………………………..	119
Figure 4.22	Compressive strength of paste specimen	…………………………….	120
Figure 4.23	The progression of compressive strength of paste specimen	……….	121
Figure 4.24	Compressive strength of mortar specimen	………………………….	122
Figure 4.25	The progression of compressive strength of mortar specimen	……..	123
Figure 4.26	Compressive strength of concrete specimen	………………………..	124
Figure 4.27	The progression of compressive strength of concrete specimen	……	125
Figure 4.28	Percentage of drying shrinkage of paste specimen	………………….	126
Figure 4.29	Percentage of drying shrinkage of mortar specimen	…………………	127
Figure 4.30	Percentage of drying shrinkage of concrete specimen	………………	128
Figure 4.31	Electrical resistivity of concrete specimen	…………………………..	129
Figure 4.32	The progression of electrical resistivity of concrete specimen	………	130
Figure 4.33	Ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete specimen	……………………..	131
Figure 4.34	The progression of ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete specimen	…	132
Figure 4.35	Rate of water absorption of concrete specimen	……………………..	133
Figure 4.36	SEM picture from paste specimen with different W/B ratio	…………	134
Figure 4.37	SEM picture from paste specimen with different SF content	………	135
Figure 4.38	SEM picture from mortar specimen with different W/B ratio	………	136
Figure 4.39	SEM picture from mortar specimen with different SF content	………	137
Figure 4.40	SEM picture from ACI concrete specimen with different
W/B ratio ……………………………………………………………		138

Figure 4.41	SEM picture from ACI concrete specimen with different
SF content …………………………………………………………		139
Figure 4.42	SEM picture from HFDMDA concrete specimen with different
W/B ratio 	…………………………………………………………..	140
Figure 4.43	SEM picture from HFDMDA concrete specimen with different
coating thickness ……………………………………………………		141

                                

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