聲波激勵對橫風火焰的影響｜國立臺灣科技大學博碩士論文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	Richard Kyalo Kimilu Richard - Kyalo Kimilu
論文名稱：	聲波激勵對橫風火焰的影響 An Experimental Study of Acoustically Excited Stack-Issued Jet Flames in Crossflow
指導教授：	黃榮芳 Rong-Fung Huang
口試委員:	牛仰堯 Yang-Yao Niu 閻順昌 Shun-Chang Yen 孫珍理 Chen-Li Sun 林顯群 Sheam-Chyun Lin 林怡均 Yi-Jiun Peter Lin 趙振綱 Ching-Kong Chao
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 機械工程系 Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	199
中文關鍵詞：	振盪噴流火焰、聲波激擾火焰、流場可視化、s流動控制、橫風噴流火焰
外文關鍵詞：	pulsed jet flame, acoustically excited flame, flow visualization, flow control, crossflow flame
相關次數：	點閱：297 下載：2
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

上一筆

中文摘要
針對橫風中的噴流火焰，利用實驗方法研究噴流的擾動強度對噴流火焰行為、噴
流結構、溫度及燃燒生成物分佈的影響。本研究中，噴流雷諾數的實驗範圍為 1500 –
1550，橫風雷諾數的實驗範圍為1350 – 1420，噴流對應橫風動量比固定為0.192。噴流
的擾動是由聲波激擾形成，使用熱線風速儀偵測噴流的速度振盪特性。利用高速攝影
機擷取噴流火焰之瞬時與時間平均的火焰影像，呈現噴流火焰的火焰特徵行為。使用
雷射輔助質點軌跡法，觀察噴流火焰的瞬時流場。藉由高速質點影像速度儀，量測噴
流火焰的平均速度場。噴流火焰的溫度及燃焰生成物，分別使用熱電偶線及氣體分析
儀量測。火焰的特徵行為與偏折噴流在出口附近之剪流層渦漩結構有密切的關係，這
些結構則受到噴流的激擾頻率及擾動強度影響。本研究主要採用的聲波激擾頻率為60
Hz、215 Hz 及645 Hz。在激擾頻率為60 Hz 時，隨著擾動強度的變化，噴流火焰可畫
分出四個火焰特徵模態。噴流的擾動影響火焰迎風面剪流層與圓管尾流迴流區的行為，
使得噴流火焰行為改變。當噴流的擾動強度Ipul > 0.55 時，噴流火焰在混合及燃燒上有
明顯的改善，並降低燃燒污染物的生成。在激擾頻率為215 Hz 時，隨著擾動強度的變
化，噴流火焰可畫分六個火焰特徵模態。火焰特徵行為與剪流層的渦漩結構有密切的
關聯。在擾動強度介於0 < Ipul < 0.35，火焰受到剪切渦漩支配，而在擾動強度介於0.35
< Ipul < 2.28 之間，火焰受到泡芙狀偏折噴流支配。當噴流的擾動強度Ipul < 0.9 時，噴
流火焰在混合及燃燒上有明顯的改善，並且降低燃燒污染物的生成。在激擾頻率為
645 Hz 時，隨著擾動強度的變化，噴流火焰可畫分出三個火焰特徵模態。在擾動強度
介於0 < Ipul < 0.3 之間，火焰不受噴流擾動影響。在擾動強度介於0.35 < Ipul < 0.7 之間，火焰長度迅速縮短。在擾動強度介於Ipul > 0.7 時，火焰呈現變得非常不穩定的閃爍。
當噴流的擾動強度Ipul > 0.3 時，噴流火焰的溫度及燃燒污染物的生成有明顯地改善。
歸納整理研究的成果，針對低噴流對應橫風之動量衝量比的橫風噴流火焰，使用三種
聲波激擾頻率，在擾動強度介於0.30 < Ipul < 0.60 時，能夠改善燃燒及降低燃燒污染物。

ABSTRACT
The effects of jet pulsation intensity on the jet flame in crossflow were experimentally investigated in a wind tunnel. The flame behavior and characteristics, jet flow patterns and structure, temperature and combustion-induced pollutants profiles were investigated. The jet and crossflow Reynolds numbers were maintained within the range of 1500 – 1550 and 1350 – 1420, respectively. The jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio was fixed at 0.192. Jet pulsations were generated by acoustic excitation, and digitized using a hot-wire anemometer. Time-averaged and instantaneous flame images were used to delineate the flame behavior and characteristics. Instantaneous flow pattern images were obtained using the laser-light-assisted particle-tracking method. The instantaneous flame images were taken using high-speed cameras. A high-speed PIV system was used to measure the instantaneous jet flow/flame field characteristics. Temperature and concentrations of unburned HC, CO and NO were measured using a fine-wire thermocouple and gas analyzer, respectively. The flame behavior and characteristics were highly dependent on the variation of the near tube bent jet shear-layer vortical structures. These structures were influenced by both the jet excitation frequency and level of pulsation intensity. Investigations were done at three jet excitation frequencies namely
60, 215 and 645 Hz. Upon exciting the jet at 60 Hz, four flame characteristic modes were identified in the domain of jet pulsation intensity (Ipul). Variations in the up-wind shear-layer vortical structures and recirculation area in the tube wake led to modification of flame behaviors. Applying Ipul > 0.55 led to significant improvement in mixing and combustion, and reduction of combustion-induced pollutants. Exciting the jet at 215 Hz (resonance frequency)
resulted to six characteristic flame modes in the domain of jet pulsation intensity. Flame behavior was closely related to shear-layer vortical structures in the near tube region. In flame modes I and II (0 < Ipul < 0.35) flames were dominated by shear-layer vortices, while at modes III-VI (0.35 < Ipul < 2.28), the flames were dominated by a puffing bent jet. Exciting the jet at Ipul < 0.90 led to significant improvement in mixing and combustion, and reduction of
combustion-induced pollutants in the near field. Three flame characteristic modes were identified when the jet was excited at 645 Hz (3rd harmonic). Mode I (0 < Ipul < 0.30) flames were unresponsive to excitation, mode II (0.30 < Ipul < 0.70) flames were rapidly shortened and highly non-luminous, and mode III (Ipul > 0.70) flames were highly unstable. Improved temperature and reduced combustion-induced pollutants were achieved when the jet was excited at Ipul > 0.30. The study established that pulsating a low R jet flame in crossflow at 0.30
< Ipul < 0.60 may result to improved combustion and reduction of combustion-induced pollutants for the three excitation frequencies examined.

CONTENTS
中文摘要 .............................................................................................................................. 1
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................... iv
CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ vi
NOMENCLATURE...........................................................................................................viii
TABLE CAPTIONS ............................................................................................................. x
FIGURE CAPTIONS ............................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Motivation .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Literature Review.................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Scope of Present Work............................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2 Experimental Methods.................................................................................... 7
2.1 Experimental Apparatus.......................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Wind tunnel ..................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Jet flow supply system..................................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Acoustic excitation system............................................................................... 9
2.1.4 Jet and crossflow particle generators .............................................................. 10
2.2 Experimental Instruments and Methods................................................................. 13
2.2.1 Detection of jet pulsations.............................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Flame and flow pattern visualization.............................................................. 14
2.2.3 Temperature measurements............................................................................ 16
2.2.4 Combustion product concentrations measurements ........................................ 16
2.2.5 PIV measurements ......................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3 Jet Flame in Crossflow Excited at Low Excitation Frequency ....................... 19
3.1 Jet Velocity Pulsations at Burner Exit ................................................................... 19
3.2 Flame Behavior and Characteristic Modes ............................................................ 21
3.3 Instantaneous Flame and Flow Characteristics ...................................................... 26
3.4 Flame Temperature Distributions .......................................................................... 29
3.5 Concentration Distributions of Combustion Products ............................................ 32
3.6 Time-averaged Flow/Flame Field Characteristics.................................................. 35
3.6.1 Time-averaged velocity field.......................................................................... 35
3.6.2 Turbulence Characteristics ............................................................................. 38
3.6.3 Jet trajectory .................................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER 4 Jet Flame in Crossflow Excited at Resonance Frequency .............................. 44
4.1 Jet Velocity Pulsations at Burner Exit ................................................................... 44
4.2 Flame Behavior and Characteristic Modes ............................................................ 45
4.3 Instantaneous Flame and Flow Characteristics ...................................................... 50
4.4 Flame Temperature Distributions .......................................................................... 55
4.5 Concentration Distributions of Combustion Products ............................................ 60
4.6 Time-averaged Flow/Flame Field Characteristics.................................................. 64
4.6.1. Time-averaged velocity field.......................................................................... 64
4.6.2. Turbulence characteristics.............................................................................. 66
4.6.3. Jet trajectory .................................................................................................. 69
CHAPTER 5 Jet Flame in Crossflow Excited at High Excitation Frequency....................... 70
5.1 Jet Velocity Pulsations at Burner Exit ................................................................... 70
5.2 Flame Behavior and Characteristic Modes ............................................................ 71
5.3 Instantaneous Flame and Flow Characteristics ...................................................... 75
5.4 Flame Temperature Distributions .......................................................................... 77
5.5 Concentration Distributions of Combustion Products ............................................ 81
5.6 Time-averaged Flow/Flame Field Characteristics.................................................. 84
5.6.1. Time-averaged velocity field.......................................................................... 84
5.6.2. Turbulence characteristics.............................................................................. 85
5.6.3. Jet trajectory .................................................................................................. 87
CHAPTER 6 Discussion .................................................................................................... 89
6.1 Jet Velocity Pulsations at Burner Exit ................................................................... 89
6.2 Flame Behaviors and Characteristics..................................................................... 91
6.3 Flame Temperature ............................................................................................... 94
6.4 Combustion Products Concentrations.................................................................... 96
6.4.1 Unburned hydrocarbons (HC).............................................................................. 96
6.4.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) ....................................................................................... 97
6.4.3 Nitric oxide (NO) ................................................................................................ 98
6.5 Jet Flow Characteristics ........................................................................................ 99
6.6 Jet and Flame Trajectories................................................................................... 100
CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................ 102
7.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 102
7.2 Recommendations............................................................................................... 105
References ........................................................................................................................ 106

TABLE CAPTIONS
Table 2.1 Characteristics of 5 μm MgO particles in propane gas ............. 112
Table 2.2 Characteristics of 5 μm MgO particles in air ..................... 113
Table 2.3 Characteristics of 0.5 μm MgO particles in propane gas............ 114
Table 2.4 Characteristics of 0.5 μm MgO particles in air ................... 115
FIGURE CAPTIONS
Fig. 2.1 Arrangement of experimental setup................................... 116
Fig. 2.2 Schematic diagram of MgO particle generators. (a) Fluidized bed generator, (b)Cyclone generator. ............................................ 117

Fig. 2.3 MgO particle micrographs as viewed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)........................................................................ 118

Fig. 3.1 Pulsations of jet exit velocities under acoustic excitation. (a) Variation of root-meansquare value with excitation frequency, (b) variation of jet pulsation intensity with excitation Strouhal number.Rew = 0,Rej = 1550...119 

Fig. 3.2 Jet pulsation characteristics at jet exit. (a-d) Instantaneous jet exit velocity at Ipul = 0.09,0.43,0.66,0.81;(e-f) Power spectral density function at Ipul = 0.09, 0.43, 0.66, 0.81. fexc = 60 Hz,Rew = 0, Rej = 1550. ............ 120

Fig. 3.3 Jet pulsation characteristics at jet exit. (a) Variation of jet pulsation velocity with excitation voltage, (b) Variation of jet pulsation intensity with excitation Strouhal number. fexc = 60 Hz, Rew = 0, Rej = 1550. ............................................................................. 121

Fig. 3.4 Regimes of characteristic modes for an acoustically excited flame stack-issued jet flame in crossflow. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192 ............ 122

Fig. 3.5 Flame appearances of side view. Ipul = (a, b) 0, (c, d) 0.09 (mode I), (e, f) 0.32 (mode II), (g, h) 0.52 (mode II), (i, j) 0.66 (mode III), (k, l) 0.81 (mode IV). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. Exposure time: 2 s.......................... 123

Fig. 3. 6 Flame appearances of down view. Ipul = (a, b) 0, (c, d) 0.09 (mode I), (e, f) 0.32 (modeII), (g, h) 0.52 (mode II), (i, j) 0.66 (mode III), (k, l) 0.81 (mode IV). Left column: full size;Right column: close-up. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. Exposure time: 2 s............................ 124

Fig. 3.7 Variations of: (a) total flame length ltf, blue flame length lbf, and recirculation flame width wrf with jet pulsation intensity Ipul, (b) flame spread width bf with jet pulsation intensity Ipul. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. ........................................................ 125

Fig. 3.8 Variation of flame spread width with axial distance. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192................................................ 126

Fig. 3.9 Flame extinguishment process. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz, Ipul = 0.85. Exposure time: 17 ms. ................................... 127

Fig. 3.10 Axial location of flame base during flame extinguishment process. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz, Ipul = 0.85. ................... 128

Fig. 3.11 Instantaneous flame appearances of side view. Ipul = (a, b) 0, (c, d) 0.09 (mode I), (e,f) 0.32 (mode II), (g, h) 0.52 (mode II), (i, j) 0.66 (mode III), (k, l) 0.81 (mode IV). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. Framing rate: 2000 fps. Exposure time: 0.5 ms................................................................. 129

Fig. 3.12 Instantaneous flow patterns in symmetry plane and side view of flame. Ipul = (a) 0,(b) 0.09 (mode I), (c) 0.32 (mode II), (d) 0.52 (mode II), (e) 0.66 (mode III), (f) 0.81 (mode IV). Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. Framing rate = 2000 fps. Exposure time:0.2 ms. .............................. 130

Fig. 3.13 Temperature distributions in symmetry plane. (a-e) Ipul = 0 (natural flame), (f-j) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (k-o) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (p-t) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (u-y) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). x/d = (a, f, k, p, u) 5, (b, g, l, q, v) 10, (c, h, m, r, w) 20, (d, i, n, s, x) 30, (e, j, o, t, y) 40.Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192.......................................... 131

Fig. 3.14 Variation of maximum symmetry plane flame temperature Tmax with jet pulsation intensity at various axial stages downstream. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192. .................................................... 132

Fig. 3.15 Temperature distributions in transverse direction at x/d = 5. (a-d) Ipul = 0 (natural flame), (e-h) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (i-l) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (m-p) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (q-t)Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). z/d = (a, e, i, m, q) 0, (b, f, j, n, r) -4, (c, g, k, o, s) -10, (d, h, l, p, t) -14.
Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192.............................. 133

Fig. 3.16 Temperature distributions in transverse direction at x/d = 20. (a-d) Ipul = 0 (naturalflame), (e-h) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (i-l) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (m-p) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (q-t)Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). z/d = (a, e, i, m, q) 2, (b, f, j, n, r) 0, (c, g, k, o, s) -2, (d, h, l, p, t) -4. Rew
= 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192. ................................ 134

Fig. 3.17 Temperature distributions in transverse direction at x/d = 40. (a-d) Ipul = 0 (natural flame), (e-h) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (i-l) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (m-p) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (q-t)Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192................................................ 135

Fig. 3.18 Concentration distributions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in the symmetry plane.(a-e) Ipul = 0 (natural flame), (f-j) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (k-o) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (p-t) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (u-y) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). x/d = (a, f, k, p, u) 5, (b, g, l, q, v) 10, (c, h, m, r,w) 20, (d, i, n, s, x) 30, (e, j, o, t, y) 40. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192. ............................................................................. 136

Fig. 3.19 Concentration distributions of carbon monoxide (CO) in the symmetry plane. (a-e)Ipul = 0 (natural flame), (f-j) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (k-o) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (p-t) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (u-y) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). x/d = (a, f, k, p, u) 5, (b, g, l, q, v) 10, (c, h, m, r, w) 20,(d, i, n, s, x) 30, (e, j, o, t, y) 40. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192.......... 137

Fig. 3.20 Concentration distributions of nitric oxide (NO) in the symmetry plane. (a-e) Ipul = 0 (natural flame), (f-j) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (k-o) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (p-t) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III),(u-y) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). x/d = (a, f, k, p, u) 5, (b, g, l, q, v) 10, (c, h, m, r, w) 20, (d, i, n, s,x) 30, (e, j, o, t, y) 40. Rew = 1416, Rej = 1550, fexc = 60 Hz, R = 0.192. ........ 138

Fig. 3.21 Time-averaged velocity field vectors and streamlines of a combusting transverse jet at Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I),(c) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). Frame rate = 5000 fps, exposure time = 140 μs, elapse time 1 s. ............................................................ 139

Fig. 3.22 Jet flow/flame field time-averaged velocity vectors and streamlines of a combusting transverse jet at Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV).Frame rate = 5000 fps, exposure time = 140 μs, elapse time 1 s..................................... 140

Fig. 3.23 Axial turbulence intensity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II),(d) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz............................... 141

Fig. 3.24 Transverse turbulence intensity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II),(d) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV). Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz............................... 142

Fig. 3.25 Normalized vorticity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet at Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.09 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.31 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.62 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.80 (mode IV)............................ 143

Fig. 3.26 Centerline streamline trajectories of un-excited and excited transverse combusting jet. Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 60 Hz............... 144

Fig. 4.1 Jet pulsation characteristics at jet exit. (a-f) Instantaneous jet exit velocity at Ipul = 0.09,0.28, 0.57, 1.11, 1.51, 2.08; (g-l) Power spectral density function at Ipul = 0.09, 0.28, 0.57, 1.11,1.51, 2.08. fexc = 215 Hz, Rew = 0, Rej = 1550.............................................................. 145

Fig. 4.2 Instantaneous jet flow pattern of evolution in the symmetry plane of pulsed elevated jet at zero crossflow conditions. Rej = 1550, fexc = 215 Hz, Ipul = 2.43. Framing rate = 3000 fps,exposure time = 0.33 ms................. 146

Fig. 4.3 Jet pulsation characteristics at jet exit. (a) Variation of jet pulsation velocity with excitation voltage, (b) Variation of jet pulsation intensity with excitation Strouhal number. fexc = 215 Hz, Rew = 0, Rej = 1550. ............................................................................. 147

Fig. 4.4 Side view of long exposure flame pictures. Ipul = (a, b) 0 (no excitation), (c, d) 0.05 (mode I), (e, f) 0.22 (mode II), (g, h) 0.55 (mode III), (i, j) 1.19 (mode IV), (k, l) 1.75 (mode V), (m, n) 2.18 (mode VI). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. Exposure time = 2 s. ......................................... 148

Fig. 4.5 Top view of long exposure flame pictures. Ipul = (a, b) 0 (no excitation), (c, d) 0.05 (mode I), (e, f) 0.22 (mode II), (g, h) 0.55 (mode III), (i, j) 1.19 (mode IV), (k, l) 1.75 (mode V), (m, n) 2.18 (mode VI). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. Exposure time = 2 s. ......................................... 149

Fig. 4.6 Variations of total flame length ltf, blue flame length lbf, and recirculation flame width wrf with jet pulsation intensity Ipul. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ........................................... 150

Fig. 4.7 Variation of flame spread width with axial distance. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215  Hz.............................................. 151

Fig. 4.8 Histogram of flame blow-off process. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz, Ipul = 2.28. Exposure time = 16.7 ms. ........................ 152

Fig. 4.9 Axial position of flame base during flame blow-off process. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530,R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz, Ipul = 2.28. ........................... 153

Fig. 4.10 Side view of instantaneous flame pictures. Ipul = (a, b) 0 (no excitation), (c, d) 0.05 (mode I), (e, f) 0.22 (mode II), (g, h) 0.55 (mode III), (i, j) 1.19 (mode IV), (k, l) 1.75 (mode V), (m, n) 2.18 (mode VI). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. Frame rate = 2000 fps. Exposure time = 0.5 ms. ............... 154

Fig. 4.11 Instantaneous flow patterns and flame images in symmetry plane (y/d = 0). Ipul = (a)0 (no excitation), (b) 0.05 (mode I), (c) 0.22 (mode II), (d) 0.55 (mode III), (e) 0.95 (mode IV),(f) 1.19 (mode IV), (g) 1.75 (mode V), (h) 2.18 (mode VI). Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192,fexc = 215 Hz. Frame rate = 2000 fps. Exposure time = 0.2 ms. ................................................ 155

Fig. 4. 12 Temperature distribution in symmetry plane (y/d = 0). Ipul = (a1-e1) 0 (no excitation),(a2-e2) 0.05 (mode I), (a3-e3) 0.22 (mode II), (a4-e4) 0.51 (mode III), (a5-e5) 0.92 (mode IV),(a6-e6) 1.51 (mode V). x/d = (a1-a6) 5, (b1-b6) 10, (c1-c6) 20, (d1-d6) 30, (e1-e6) 40. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ....................................................... 156

Fig. 4.13 Variation of maximum flame temperature (Tmax) in the symmetry plane with jet pulsation intensity at various axial stages downstream. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ........................................... 157

Fig. 4.14 Temperature distribution in transverse direction at x/d = 5. Ipul = (a-d) 0 (no excitation),(e-h) 0.05 (mode I), (i-l) 0.22 (mode II), (m-p) 0.51 (mode III), (q-t) 0.92 (mode IV), (u-x) 1.51(mode V). Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ..................................................... 158

Fig. 4.15 Temperature distribution in transverse direction at x/d = 20. Ipul = (a-d) 0 (no excitation), (e-h) 0.05 (mode I), (i-l) 0.22 (mode II), (m-p) 0.51 (mode III), (q-t) 0.92 (mode IV), (u-x) 1.51 (mode V). Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz....................................................... 159

Fig. 4.16 Temperature distribution in transverse direction at x/d = 40. Ipul = (a-d) 0 (no excitation), (e-h) 0.05 (mode I), (i-l) 0.22 (mode II), (m-p) 0.51 (mode III), (q-t) 0.92 (mode IV), (u-x) 1.51 (mode V). Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz....................................................... 160

Fig. 4.17 Concentration distributions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in the symmetry plane.Ipul = (a1-e1) 0 (no excitation), (a2-e2) 0.05 (mode I), (a3-e3) 0.22 (mode II), (a4-e4) 0.51 (mode III), (a5-e5) 0.92 (mode IV), (a6-e6) 1.51 (mode V). x/d = (a1-a6) 5, (b1-b6) 10, (c1- c6) 20, (d1-d6) 30, (e1-e6) 40. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ............................... 161

Fig. 4.18 Concentration distributions of carbon monoxide (CO) in the symmetry plane. Ipul = (a1-e1) 0 (no excitation), (a2-e2) 0.05 (mode I), (a3-e3) 0.22 (mode II), (a4-e4) 0.51 (mode III),(a5-e5) 0.92 (mode IV), (a6-e6) 1.51 (mode V). x/d = (a1-a6) 5, (b1-b6) 10, (c1-c6) 20, (d1-d6) 30, (e1-e6) 40. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ....................................... 162

Fig. 4.19 Concentration distributions of nitric oxide (NO) in the symmetry plane. Ipul = (a1-e1)0 (no excitation), (a2-e2) 0.05 (mode I), (a3-e3) 0.22 (mode II), (a4-e4) 0.51 (mode III), (a5-e5) 0.92 (mode IV), (a6-e6) 1.51 (mode V). x/d = (a1-a6) 5, (b1-b6) 10, (c1-c6) 20, (d1-d6) 30,(e1-e6) 40. Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ....................................... 163

Fig. 4.20 Time-averaged velocity vectors and streamlines of a combusting transverse jet at symmetry plane. Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.05 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.22 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.51 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.92 (mode IV), (f)Ipul = 1.35 (mode V), (g) Ipul = 1.80 (mode V), (h) Ipul = 2.13 (mode VI). Frame rate = 5000 fps,
exposure time = 140 μs, elapse time 1 s..................................... 164

Fig. 4.21 Axial turbulence intensity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet. Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.05 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.22 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.51 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.92 (mode IV), (f)Ipul = 1.35 (mode V), (g) Ipul = 1.80 (mode V), (h) Ipul = 2.13 (mode VI).............................. 165

Fig. 4.22 Transverse turbulence intensity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet. Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.05 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.22 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.51 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.92 (mode IV), (f)Ipul = 1.35 (mode V), (g) Ipul = 1.80 (mode V), (h) Ipul = 2.13 (mode VI).............................. 166

Fig. 4.23 Normalized vorticity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet. Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. (a) Ipul = 0 (non-excited case), (b) Ipul = 0.05 (mode I), (c) Ipul = 0.22 (mode II), (d) Ipul = 0.51 (mode III), (e) Ipul = 0.92 (mode IV), (f) Ipul = 1.35 (mode V), (g) Ipul = 1.80 (mode V), (h) Ipul = 2.13 (mode VI).............................. 167

Fig. 4.24 Centreline streamline trajectories of un-excited and excited transverse combusting jet. Rej = 1480, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz. ............ 168

Fig. 5.1 Jet pulsation characteristics at jet exit. (a, c, e, g) Instantaneous jet exit velocity at Ipul = 0.08, 0.44, 0.64, 0.84; (b, d, f, h) Power spectral density function at Ipul = 0.08, 0.44, 0.64,0.84. Rew = 0, Rej = 1500, fexc = 645 Hz. ..................................................................... 169

Fig. 5.2 Jet pulsation characteristics at jet exit. (a) Variation of jet pulsation velocity with excitation voltage, (b) Variation of jet pulsation intensity with excitation Strouhal number. Rew = 0, Rej = 1500, fexc = 645 Hz. ............................................................................. 170

Fig. 5.3 Side view of long exposure flame pictures. Ipul = (a, b) 0 (no excitation), (c, d) 0.18 (mode I), (e, f) 0.45 (mode II), (g, h) 0.62 (mode II), (i, j) 0.74 (mode III), (k, l) 0.84 (mode III). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz. Exposure time = 2 s................................................................... 171

Fig. 5.4 Top view of long exposure flame pictures. Ipul = (a, b) 0 (no excitation), (c, d) 0.18 (mode I), (e, f) 0.45 (mode II), (g, h) 0.62 (mode II), (i, j) 0.74 (mode III), (k, l) 0.84 (mode III). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz. Exposure time = 2 s................................................................... 172

Fig. 5.5 Variations of total flame length ltf, blue flame length lbf, and recirculation flame width wrf with jet pulsation intensity Ipul. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz. ........................................... 173

Fig. 5.6 Variation of flame lateral width with axial distance. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192,fexc = 645 Hz................................................ 174

Fig. 5.7 Side view of instantaneous flame pictures. Ipul = (a, b) 0 (no excitation), (c, d) 0.11 (mode I), (e, f) 0.18 (mode I), (g, h) 0.44 (mode II), (i, j) 0.62 (mode II), (k, l) 0.73 (mode III). Left column: full size; Right column: close-up. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz. Frame rate = 2000 fps. Exposure time = 0.33 ms............................................ 175

Fig. 5.8 Instantaneous flow patterns and flame images in symmetry plane (y/d = 0). Ipul = (a) 0 (no excitation), (b) 0.11 (mode I), (c) 0.18 (mode I), (d) 0.44 (mode II), (e) 0.62 (mode II), (f)0.74 (mode III). Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz. Frame rate = 3000 fps.Exposure time = 0.33 ms.......... 176

Fig. 5.9 Temperature distribution in symmetry plane. Ipul = (a-e) 0 (no excitation), (f-j) 0.11 (mode I), (k-o) 0.44 (mode II), (p-t) 0.62 (mode II), (u-y) 0.73 (mode III). x/d = (a, f, k, p, u)5, (b, g, l, q, v) 10, (c, h, m, r, w) 15, (d, i, n, s, x) 20, (e, j, o, t, y) 30. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500,R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz................................................................ 177

Fig. 5.10 Variation of maximum flame temperature (Tmax) with jet pulsation intensity at various axial stages downstream Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz. .............................................................. 178

Fig. 5.11 Temperature distribution in transverse direction at x/d = 5. Ipul = (a1-a7) 0 (no excitation), (b1-b7) 0.11 (mode I), (c1-c7) 0.44 (mode II), (d1-d7) 0.62 (mode II). Rew = 1352,Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz...... 179

Fig. 5.12 Temperature distribution in transverse direction at x/d = 15. Ipul = (a1-a7) 0 (no excitation), (b1-b7) 0.11 (mode I), (c1-c7) 0.44 (mode II), (d1-d7) 0.62 (mode II). Rew = 1352,Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz...... 180

Fig. 5.13 Temperature distribution in transverse direction at x/d = 30. Ipul = (a1-a7) 0 (no excitation), (b1-b7) 0.11 (mode I), (c1-c7) 0.44 (mode II), (d1-d7) 0.62 (mode II). Rew = 1352,Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz...... 181

Fig. 5.14 Concentration distributions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in the symmetry plane.Ipul = (a-e) 0 (no excitation), (f-j) 0.11 (mode I), (k-o) 0.44 (mode II), (p-t) 0.62 (mode II). x/d = (a, f, k, p) 5, (b, g, l, q) 10, (c, h, m, r) 15, (d, i, n, s) 20, (e, j, o, t) 30. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500,R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz................................................................ 182

Fig. 5.15 Concentration distributions of carbon monoxide (CO) in the symmetry plane. Ipul = (a-e) 0 (no excitation), (f-j) 0.11 (mode I), (k-o) 0.44 (mode II), (p-t) 0.62 (mode II). x/d = (a,f, k, p) 5, (b, g, l, q) 10, (c, h, m, r) 15, (d, i, n, s) 20, (e, j, o, t) 30. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz....................................................................... 183

Fig. 5.16 Concentration distributions of nitric oxide (NO) in the symmetry plane. Ipul = (a-e) 0 (no excitation), (f-j) 0.11 (mode I), (k-o) 0.44 (mode II), (p-t) 0.62 (mode II). x/d = (a, f, k, p)5, (b, g, l, q) 10, (c, h, m, r) 15, (d, i, n, s) 20, (e, j, o, t) 30. Rew = 1352, Rej = 1500, R = 0.192,fexc = 645 Hz....................................................................... 184

Fig. 5.17 Time-averaged velocity vectors and streamlines of a combusting transverse jet at symmetry plane. Ipul = (a) 0 (non-excited case), (b) 0.11 (mode I), (c) 0.18 (mode I), (d) 0.30 (mode I), (e) 0.44 (mode II), (f) 0.62 (mode II), (g) 0.68 (mode III), (h) 0.72 (mode III). Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz, frame rate = 5000 fps, exposure time = 140 μs, elapse time 1 s.....185

Fig. 5.18 Axial turbulence intensity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet at symmetry plane. Ipul = (a) 0 (non-excited case), (b) 0.11 (mode I), (c) 0.18 (mode I), (d) 0.30 (mode I), (e) 0.44 (mode II), (f) 0.62 (mode II), (g) 0.68 (mode III), (h) 0.72 (mode III). Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz................................................................ 186

Fig. 5.19 Transverse turbulence intensity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet at symmetry plane. Ipul = (a) 0 (non-excited case), (b) 0.11 (mode I), (c) 0.18 (mode I), (d) 0.30 (mode I), (e) 0.44 (mode II), (f) 0.62 (mode II), (g) 0.68 (mode III), (h) 0.72 (mode III). Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz................................................................ 187

Fig. 5.20 Normalized vorticity contour maps in the symmetry plane of a combusting transverse jet at symmetry plane. Ipul = (a) 0 (non-excited case), (b) 0.11 (mode I), (c) 0.18 (mode I), (d)0.30 (mode I), (e) 0.44 (mode II), (f) 0.62 (mode II), (g) 0.68 (mode III), (h) 0.72 (mode III).Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz................................................................ 188

Fig. 5. 21 Centreline streamline trajectories of un-excited and excited transverse combusting jet. Rej = 1500, R = 0.192, fexc = 645 Hz.............. 189

Fig. 6.1 Variation of peak frequency power spectral energy with excitation voltage, Eexc. R = 0.192 .................................................... 190

Fig. 6.2 Variation of non-dimensional total flame length with jet pulsation at fexc = 60, 215 and 645 Hz. R = 0.192. ....................................... 191

Fig. 6.3 Variation of non-dimensional blue flame length with jet pulsation at fexc = 60, 215 and 645 Hz. R = 0.192. ....................................... 192

Fig. 6.4 Variation of non-dimensional recirculation flame width with jet pulsation at fexc = 60,215 and 645 Hz. R = 0.192............................. 193

Fig. 6.5 Jet shear-layer vortical structure and flame waviness response to jet pulsation intensity.Rew = 1399, Rej = 1530, R = 0.192, fexc = 215 Hz......... 194

Fig. 6.6 Normalized maximum flame temperature. (a) fexc = 60 Hz, (b) fexc = 215 Hz, and (c)fexc = 645 Hz. R = 0.192. ........................................ 195

Fig. 6.7 Normalized maximum unburned hydrocarbon concentration. (a) fexc = 60 Hz, (b) fexc = 215 Hz, and (c) fexc = 645 Hz. R = 0.192. .................... 196

Fig. 6.8 Normalized maximum carbon monoxide concentrations. (a) fexc = 60 Hz, (b) fexc = 215 Hz, and (c) fexc = 645 Hz. R = 0.192.......................... 197

Fig. 6.9 Normalized maximum nitric oxide concentrations. (a) fexc = 60 Hz, (b) fexc = 215 Hz,and (c) fexc = 645 Hz. R = 0.192. ............................. 198

Fig. 6.10 Flame mean (NO) trajectory. (a) fexc = 60 Hz, (b) fexc = 215 Hz, and (c) fexc = 645 Hz.R = 0.192. ................................................ 199
                                

References
[1] Karagozian, A. R. Transverse jets and their control. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2010;36(5):531-53. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.01.001.
[2] Kamotani Y., Greber, I. Experiments on a turbulent jet in a crossflow. AIAA Journal. 1972;10(11):1425-9. doi: 10.2514/3.50386.
[3] Fric, T. F., Roshko, A. Vortical structure in the wake of a transverse jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1994;279:1-47. doi: 10.1017/S0022112094003800.
[4] Smith, S. H., Mungal, M. G. Mixing, structure and scaling of the jet in crossflow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1998;357:83-122. doi: 10.1017/S0022112097007891.
[5] Pratte, B. D., Baines, W. D. Profiles of the round turbulent jet in a crossflow. Journal of the Hydraulics Division. 1967;93(6):53-64.
[6] Huang, R. F., Lan J. Characteristic modes and evolution processes of shear-layer vortices in an elevated transverse jet. Physics of Fluids. 2005;17(3):034103.
doi: 10.1063/1.1852575.
[7] Eiff, O. S., Keffer, J. F. On the structures in the near-wake region of an elevated turbulent jet in a crossflow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1997;333:161-95.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112096004314
[8] Huang, R. F., Hsieh, R. H. An experimental study of elevated round jets deflected in a crosswind. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2002;27(1):77-86.
doi: 10.1016/S0894-1777(02)00217-0.
[9] Ben-Yakar, A., Mungal, M., Hanson, R. Time evolution and mixing characteristics of hydrogen and ethylene transverse jets in supersonic crossflows. Physics of Fluids. 2006;18(2):026101. doi: 10.1063/1.2139684
[10] Savas, O., Huang, R. F., Gollahalli, S. R. Structure of the flow field of a nonpremixed gas jet flame in cross-flow. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 1997;119(2):137-44. doi:10.1115/1.2794977.
[11] Huang, R. F., Chang, J. M. The stability and visualized flame and flow structures of a combusting jet in crossflow. Combustion and Flame. 1994;98(3):267-78.
doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(94)90241-0.
[12] Karagozian, A. R. The flame structure and vorticity generated by a chemically reacting transverse jet. AIAA Journal. 1986;24(9):1502-7. doi: 10.2514/3.9472.
[13] Kolla, H., Grout, R. W., Gruber, A., Chen, J. H. Mechanisms of flame stabilization and blowout in a reacting turbulent hydrogen jet in cross-flow. Combustion and Flame. 2012;159(8):2755-66. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.01.012.
[14] Katta, V. R., Blunck, D. L., Jiang, N., Lynch, A., Gord, J. R., Roy, S. On flames established with air jet in cross flow of fuel-rich combustion products. Fuel. 2015;150:360-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.006.
[15] Gollahalli, S. R., Nanjundappa, B. Burner wake stabilized gas jet flames in cross-flow. Combustion Science and Technology. 1995;109(1-6):327-46.
doi: 10.1080/00102209508951908.
[16] Askari, A., Bullman, S. J., Fairweather, M., Swaffield, F. The concentration field of a turbulent jet in a cross-wind. Combustion Science and Technology. 1990;73(1-3):463-78. doi: 10.1080/00102209008951663.
[17] Huang, R. F., Yang, M. J. Thermal and concentration fields of burner-attached jet flames in crossflow. Combustion and Flame. 1996;105(1-2):211-24.
doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(95)00193-x.
[18] M’Closkey, R. T., King, J. M., Cortelezzi, L., Karagozian, A. R. The actively controlled jet in crossflow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2002;452:325-35.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112001006589.
[19] Megerian, S., Davitian, J., De, B., Alves, L. S., Karagozian, A. R. Transverse-jet shear-layer instabilities. Part 1. Experimental studies. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2007;593:93-129. doi: 10.1017/s0022112007008385.
[20] Davitian, J., Hendrickson, C., Getsinger, D., M'Closkey, R. T, Karagozian, A.R. Strategic control of transverse jet shear layer instabilities. AIAA Journal. 2010;48(9):2145-56. doi: 10.2514/1.J050336.
[21] Hsu, C. M., Huang, R. F. Effects of acoustic excitation at resonance Strouhal numbers on characteristics of an elevated transverse jet. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2011;35(7):1370-82. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.05.005.
[22] Huang, R. F., Hsu, C. M. Flow and mixing characteristics of an elevated pulsating transverse jet. Physics of Fluids. 2012;24(1):015104. doi: 10.1063/1.3678333.
[23] Ho, C-M., Gutmark, E. Vortex induction and mass entrainment in a small-aspect-ratio elliptic jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1987;179:383-405.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112087001587
[24] Gollahalli, S. R., Pardiwalla, D. Comparison of the flame characteristics of turbulent circular and elliptic jets in a crossflow. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 2002;124(3):197-203. doi: 10.1115/1.1488170.
[25] Kibens, V. Discrete noise spectrum generated by acoustically excited jet. AIAA Journal. 1980;18(4):434-41. doi: 10.2514/3.50776.
[26] Furi, M., Papas, P., Rais, R. M., Monkewitz, P. A. The effect of flame position on the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in non-premixed jet flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2002;29(2):1653-61. doi: 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80203-6.
[27] Schuller, T., Durox, D., Candel, S. Dynamics of and noise radiated by a perturbed impinging premixed jet flame. Combustion and Flame. 2002;128(1-2):88-110.
doi: 10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00334-0.
[28] Lieuwen, T., Torres, H., Johnson, C., Zinn, B. T. A mechanism of combustion instability in lean premixed gas turbine combustors. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 2000;123(1):182-9. doi: 10.1115/1.1339002.
[29] Lawn, C. J., Polifke, W. A model for the thermoacoustic response of a premixed swirl burner, Part II: The flame response. Combustion Science and Technology. 2004;176(8):1359-90. doi: 10.1080/00102200490461623.
[30] Shreekrishna, H. S., Lieuwen, T. Premixed flame response to equivalence ratio perturbations. Combustion Theory and Modelling. 2010;14(5):681-714.
doi: 10.1080/13647830.2010.502247.
[31] Lee, K. M., Kim, T. K., Kim, W. J., Kim, S. G., Park. J., Keel, S. I. A visual study on flame behaviour in tone-excited non-premixed jet flames. Fuel. 2002;81(17):2249-55.
doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00150-3.
[32] Ramamurthi, K., Patnaik, R. E. Noise Reduction in non-premixed lifted jet flames. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. 2004;72(1):49-67.
doi: 10.1023/B:APPL.0000014913.33474.b9.
[33] Linck, M., Gupta, A. K. Passive control of forced combustion instability in a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2007;23(5):1113-22.
doi: 10.2514/1.15933.
[34] Saito, M., Sato, M., Nishimura A. Soot suppression by acoustic oscillated combustion. Fuel. 1998;77(9-10):973-8. doi: Doi 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00286-X.
[35] Ezekoye, O. A., Martin, K. M., Bisetti F. Pulsed flow modulation of soot production in a laminar jet-diffusion flame. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2005;30(1):1485-92. doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.200.
[36] Farhat, S., Kleiner, D., Zhang, Y. Jet diffusion flame characteristics in a loudspeaker-induced standing wave. Combustion and Flame. 2005;142(3):317-23.
doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.04.010.
[37] Chen, L-W., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y. Flow characterisation of diffusion flame under non-resonant acoustic excitation. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2013;45:227-33. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.11.012.
[38] Farhat, S. A., Ng, W. B., Zhang, Y. Chemiluminescent emission measurement of a diffusion flame jet in a loudspeaker induced standing wave. Fuel. 2005;84(14-15):1760-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.03.020.
[39] Chen, L-W., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y. Flow characterisation of diffusion flame in a standing wave. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2012;41:84-93.
doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.03.014.
[40] Masahiro, I., Masahisa, S., Hiroshi, Y., Haruo, K., Kuniyuki, K., Ashwani G. Effect of oscillating excitation on a methane-air diffusion jet flame. 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Aerospace Sciences Meetings: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2004. doi: 10.2514/6.2004-815
[41] Chao, Y-C., Wu, C-Y., Yuan, T., Cheng, T-S. Stabilization process of a lifted flame tuned by acoustic excitation. Combustion Science and Technology. 2002;174(5-6):87-110. doi: 10.1080/713713035.
[42] Hardalupas, Y., Selbach, A. Imposed oscillations and non-premixed flames. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2002;28(1):75-104.
doi: 10.1016/S0360-1285(01)00010-7.
[43] Loretero, M. E., Huang, R. F. Effects of acoustic excitation on a swirling diffusion flame. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 2010;132(12):121501.
doi: 10.1115/1.4001768.
[44] El Behery, R. E., Mohamad, A. A., Kamal, M. M. Combustion enhancement of a gas flare using acoustical excitation. Combustion Science and Technology. 2005;177(9):1627-59. doi: 10.1080/00102200590956722.
[45] Marr, K. C., Clemens, N. T., Ezekoye, O. A. Mixing characteristics and emissions of strongly-forced non-premixed and partially-premixed jet flames in crossflow. Combustion and Flame. 2012;159(2):707-21.
doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.08.008.
[46] Ginevsky, A. S., Vlasov Y. V., Karavosov, R. K. Acoustic Control of Turbulent Jets. 2nd ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2004.
[47] Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H. Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1988.
[48] Brennen, C. E. Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow. Reprint. ed. New York, U.S.A: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
[49] Mei, R. Velocity fidelity of flow tracer particles. Experiments in Fluids. 1996;22(1):1-13. doi:10.1007/BF01893300
[50] Zuckerwar, A. J. Handbook of the Speed of Sound in Real Gases, Vol. II Measurements. San Diego, California: Academic press; 2002.
[51] Keane, R. D., Adrian, R. J. Theory of cross-correlation analysis of PIV images. Applied Scientific Research. 1992;49(3):191-215. doi: 10.1007/bf00384623.
[52] Kinsler, L. E., Frey, A. R., Coppens, A. B., Sanders, J. V. Fundamentals of Acoustics. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2000.
[53] Smith, S. W. The Scientists and Engineer’s Guide to Digital Signal Processing. 2nd ed. San Diego, California: California Technical Publishing; 1999.
[54] Huang, R. F., Wang, S. M. Characteristic flow modes of a wake-stabilized jet flames in a transverse air stream. Combustion and Flame. 1999;117(1-2):59-77.
doi: 10.1016/S0010-2180(98)00070-4.
[55] Johnson, M. R., Wilson, D. J., Kostiuk, L. W. A fuel stripping mechanism for wake-stabilized jet diffusion flames in crossflow. Combustion Science and Technology. 2001;169(1):155-74. doi: 10.1080/00102200108907844.
[56] Gordon, M., Soria, J. PIV measurements of a zero-net-mass-flux jet in cross flow. Experiments in Fluids. 2002;33(6):863-72. doi:10.1007/s00348-002-0518-4
[57] Huang, R. F., Hsu, C. M. Turbulent flows of an acoustically excited elevated transverse jet. AIAA Journal. 2012;50(9):1964-78. doi: 10.2514/1.j051595.
[58] Huang, R. F., Chang, J. M. Coherent structure in a combusting jet in crossflow. AIAA journal. 1994;32(6):1120-5. doi: 10.2514/3.12110
[59] Savas, O., Huang, R. F., Gollahalli, S. R. Structure of the flow field of a non-premixed gas jet flame in cross-flow. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 1997;119(2):137-44. doi: 10.1115/1.2794977.
[60] Melling, A. Tracer particles and seeding for particle image velocimetry. Measurements in Science and Technolgy 1997;8(12):1406-16. doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/8/12/005
[61] Hsu, C. M., Huang, R. F. Phase-resolved and time-averaged puff motions of an excited stack-issued transverse jet. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2013;40:302-16.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.05.004.
[62] Tritton, D. J. Physical Fluid Dynamics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.
[63] Su, L. K., Mungal, M. G. Simultaneous measurements of scaler and velocity field evolution in turbuent crossflowing jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2004;513:1-45.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112004009401
[64] Johari, H., Pacheco-Tougas, M., Hermanson J. Penetration and mixing of fully modulated turbulent jets inc rossflow. AIAA Journal. 1999;37(7):842-50.
doi: 10.2514/2.7532
[65] Huang, R. F, Wang, S. M. Characteristic flow modes of wake-stabilized jet flames in a transverse air stream. Combustion and Flame. 1999;117(1-2):59-77.
doi: 10.1016/S0010-2180(98)00070-4.
[66] Lakshminarasimhan, K., Clemens, N. T., Ezekoye, O. A. Characteristics of strongly-forced turbulent jets and non-premixed jet flames. Experiments in Fluids. 2006;41(4):523-42. doi: 10.1007/s00348-006-0164-3.
[67] Davitian, J., Getsinger, D., Hendrickson, C., and Karagozian, A. R., “Transition to global instability in transverse-jet shear layers,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 661, 2010, pp. 294-315. doi: 10.1017/S0022112010003046

全文公開日期 2021/12/09 (校內網路)
全文公開日期本全文未授權公開 (校外網路)
全文公開日期本全文未授權公開 (國家圖書館：臺灣博碩士論文系統)

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文