使用多變形變壓器和二對二變壓器耦合傳輸線設計的正交壓控震盪器

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研究生：	謝譯玶 Yi-Ping Hsieh
論文名稱：	使用多變形變壓器和二對二變壓器耦合傳輸線設計的正交壓控震盪器 Design of QVCOs Using Twisted Transformer and 2:2 Transformer-coupled Transmission Line
指導教授：	張勝良 Sheng-Lyang Jang
口試委員:	張勝良 Sheng-Lyang Jang 徐世祥 Shih-Hsiang Hsu 莊敏宏 Miin-Horng Juang 李後璋 Ho-Chang Lee
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電資學院 - 電子工程系 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering
論文出版年：	2023
畢業學年度：	111
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	120
中文關鍵詞：	正交壓控振盪器、變壓器耦合
外文關鍵詞：	Quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator, transformer-coupled
相關次數：	點閱：264 下載：6
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隨著科技的進步，高頻訊號處理的需求日益增加，尤其在VCO和ILFD這兩個關鍵電路中。然而，這些電路的能量消耗相當高，特別是電感這樣的被動元件在性能方面的要求也越來越高。因此，本論文提出了兩種ILFD設計和一個電感性能比較的設計，並使用了tsmc 0.18-μm CMOS mixed-signal and RF 1P6M technology製程進行實現。研究的目標是達到更寬廣的低功耗、低雜訊、工作範圍和多功能特性。
第一部分介紹了一種CMOS的雙/四/八相位壓控振盪器（VCO）。該VCO使用由四個背對背連接的變壓器組成的耦合傳輸線。在TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工藝中，VCO的晶片面積為1.2×1.2 mm2。測得的VCO振盪頻率為3.656 GHz。該VCO是一個旋轉傳播波的振盪器，可以抑制磁場輻射和噪音干擾。
第二部分介紹了一個差動CMOS正交壓控振盪器（QVCO）。該QVCO使用了變壓器耦合的傳輸線。在TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS製程下，該QVCO的晶片面積為1.2×1.2 mm2。在3.682 GHz的測量頻率下，該VCO的相位雜訊為-108.34 dBc/Hz，而QVCO的性能指標為-182.16 dBc/Hz。。
第三部分介紹了一種用於形成由四個背對背連接的變壓器組成的八字形變壓器耦合傳輸線的3:1 八字形變壓器。堆疊的變壓器形成一個封閉的迴路。通過將交叉耦合的反相器對放置在迴路上，建立了一個VCO。在TSMC 0.18μm CMOS製程下，該VCO的晶片面積為1.2×1.2mm2。在5.43 GHz的測量頻率下，八/四相位VCO的相位雜訊為-114.82 dBc/Hz，VCO的性能指標（FOM）為-180.128 dBc/Hz。迴路上的波是一個行波。八字形變壓器減少了磁場耦合並限制了電磁兼容性（EMC）問題。
第四部分介紹了一個差動的CMOS正交壓控振盪器（QVCO），同時也被用作八相位振盪器。QVCO使用了由四個背對背連接的變壓器組成的變壓器耦合傳輸線。在TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS製程下，QVCO的晶片面積是1.2×1.2 mm2。在3.8 GHz的測量頻率下，八/四相位VCO的相位雜訊為-124.243 dBc/Hz，QVCO的性能指標（FOM）為-185.036 dBc/Hz。
第五部分介紹了一個CMOS四相壓控震盪器（VCO）。為了在低電壓下操作，我們使用了一個汲極到源極的變壓器回授電路，將源極電壓擺幅到零伏特以下。四相壓控震盪器（QVCO）使用了兩個LC震盪器，通過交叉耦合的變壓器進行耦合。在TSMC 0.18μm BiCMOS製程下，QVCO的晶片面積為1.2×9.63平方毫米。測得QVCO的振盪頻率為4.49 GHz。FOM為-187.032 dBc/Hz。由於使用了八字型變壓器，QVCO抑制了磁場輻射和雜訊干擾。

With the development of science and technology, the demand for high frequency is increasing day by day, and the circuit processing high-frequency signal is more important, among which the VCO and injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) are particularly important. Their power consumption is particularly large, and inductors are indispensable passive components, so the performance requirements are more stringent, such as wider operating range, low noise, low power, or multi-functional features, this thesis proposes two ILFDs and an inductor performance comparison design. All chips are manufactured using tsmc 0.18-μm CMOS mixed-signal and RF 1P6M technology process.
The first part presents a CMOS two/four/eight phase voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO uses a transformer-coupled transmission line consisting of four back-to-back connected transformers. The die area of the VCO in the TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process is 1.2×1.2 mm2. The measured oscillation frequency of the VCO at 3.656 GHz. The VCO is a rotary traveling wave oscillator that suppresses magnetic field radiation and noise interference.
The second part presents a differential CMOS quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO). The QVCO uses a transformer-coupled transmission line. The die area of the QVCO in the TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process is 1.2×1.2 mm2. The measured phase noise of the VCO at 3.682 GHz is -108.34 dBc/Hz and the QVCO figure of merit is -182.16 dBc/Hz.
The third part presents a 3:1 8-shaped transformer used to form an 8-shaped transformer-coupled transmission line consisting of four back-to-back connected transformers. The stacked transformers form a closed loop. By placing cross-coupled inverter pairs in the loop, a VCO is built. The die area of the VCO in the TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process is 1.2×1.2 mm2. The measured phase noise of the eight/four-phase VCO at 5.43 GHz is -114.82 dBc/Hz and the VCO figure of merit (FOM) is -180.128 dBc/Hz. The wave on the loop is a traveling wave. The 8-shaped transformer reduces magnetic field coupling and limits the Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) issue.
The fourth part presents a differential CMOS quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO), which is also used as an eight-phase oscillator. The QVCO uses a transformer-coupled transmission line consisting of four back-to-back connected transformers. The die area of the QVCO in the TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process is 1.2×1.2 mm2. The measured phase noise of the eight/four-phase VCO at 3.8 GHz is -124.243 dBc/Hz and the QVCO figure of merit (FOM) is -185.036 dBc/Hz.
The last part presents a CMOS four phase voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). A drain-to-source transformer-feedback topology for low supply voltage operation swings the source voltage to below ground level. The quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) uses two LC VCOs coupled by cross-coupled transformers. The die area of the QVCO in the TSMC 0.18 μm BiCMOS process is 1.2× 9.63 mm2. The measured oscillation frequency of the QVCO at 4.49 GHz. The FOM is -187.032 dBc/Hz. The QVCO suppresses the magnetic field radiation and noise interference due to the use of 8-shaped transformers.

Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1 Background    1
2 Thesis Organization    4
Chapter 2 The theory of the Voltage Controlled Oscillators    6
1 Introduction    6
2 Oscillation Theory    7
2.1 Resonator and Negative Resistance (One port)    8
3 Brief description of oscillator types    14
3.1 LC-Tank Oscillator    14
3.2 Ring Oscillator    20
4 Overview of Passive Components    25
4.1 Resistors    27
4.2 Inductor    29
4.3 Capacitor    40
5 Principles Underlying Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Design    41
5.1 Parameters of Voltage-Controlled Oscillator    42
5.2 Phase Noise    44
5.3 Quality Factor    52
Chapter 3 Operation and Implementation of Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator Using Cascaded Transformer Transmission Line    56
1 Introduction    56
2 Circuit design    59
1 Measurement and Discussion    62
Chapter 4 Quadrature Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator Using Transformer-couple Transmission Line    65
1 Introduction    65
2 Circuit design    67
3 Measurement and Discussion    69
Chapter 5 Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator Using 2:2 Transformer-coupled Transmission Line    74
1 Introduction    74
2 Circuit Design    77
3 Measurement and Discussion    80
Chapter 6 Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator Using 8-shaped Transformer-coupled Transmission Line    88
1 Introduction    88
2 Circuit design    90
3 Measurement and Discussion    96
Chapter 7 Quadrature Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator Using Twisted Transformer    102
1 Introduction    102
2 Circuit design    104
3 Measurement Results and Discussion    109
Chapter 8 Conclusions    115

                                

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