[1] M. S. Dresselhaus and I. L. Thomas, “Alternative Energy Technologies,” Nature, vol. 414, pp. 332–337, 2001.
[2] J. Turner, G. Sverdrup, M. K. Mann, P.-C. Maness, B. Kroposki, M. Ghirardi, R. J. Evans, and D. Blake, “Renewable Hydrogen Production,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 379–407, 2008.
[3] P. Haussinger, R. Lohmuller, and A. M. Watson, “Hydrogen,” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 1–155, 2007.
[4] J. D. Holladay, J. Hu, D. L. King, and Y. Wang, “An Overview of Hydrogen Production Technologies,” Catal. Today, vol. 139, no. 4, pp. 244–260, 2009.
[5] A. Konieczny, K. Mondal, T. Wiltowski, and P. Dydo, “Catalyst Development for Thermocatalytic Decomposition of Methane to Hydrogen,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 264–272, 2008.
[6] M. Gong, D.-Y. Wang, C.-C. Chen, B.-J. Hwang, and H. Dai, “A Mini Review on Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction,” Nano Res., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 28–46, 2016.
[7] K. Zeng and D. Zhang, “Recent Progress in Alkaline Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production and Applications,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 307–326, 2010.
[8] G. Sasikumar, A. Muthumeenal, S. S. Pethaiah, N. Nachiappan, and R. Balaji, “Aqueous Methanol Eletrolysis using Proton Conducting Membrane for Hydrogen Production,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, no. 21, pp. 5905–5910, 2008.
[9] K. Matsuoka, Y. Iriyama, T. Abe, M. Matsuoka, and Z. Ogumi, “Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol in Alkaline Solution,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 152, no. 4, pp. A729–A731, 2005.
[10] E. Antolini and E. R. Gonzalez, “Alkaline Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells,” J. Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 11, pp. 3431–3450, 2010.
[11] R. Ojani, J.-B. Raoof, and S. Fathi, “Poly(o-aminophenol) Film Prepared in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate : Application for Nickel Ion Dispersion and the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol and Ethylene Glycol,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 54, pp. 2190–2196, 2009.
[12] K. Miyazaki, T. Matsumiya, T. Abe, H. Kurata, T. Fukutsuka, K. Kojima, and Z. Ogumi, “Electrochemical Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol on Pt-based Catalysts in Alkaline Solutions and Quantitative Analysis of Intermediate Products,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 56, no. 22, pp. 7610–7614, 2011.
[13] L. Xin, Z. Zhang, J. Qi, D. Chadderdon, and W. Li, “Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol (EG) on Supported Pt and Au Catalysts in Alkaline Media : Reaction Pathway Investigation in Three-Electrode Cell and Fuel Cell Reactors,” Appl. Catal. B Environ., vol. 125, pp. 85–94, 2012.
[14] O. O. Fashedemi, H. A. Miller, A. Marchionni, F. Vizza, and K. I. Ozoemena, “Electro-Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol at Palladium-Decorated FeCo@Fe Core-Shell Nanocatalysts for Alkaline Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells : Functionalized MWCNT Supports and Impact on Product Selectivity,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 3, pp. 7145–7156, 2015.
[15] M.-Y. Zheng, A.-Q. Wang, N. Ji, J.-F. Pang, X.-D. Wang, and T. Zhang, “Transition Metal-Tungsten Bimetallic Catalysts for the Conversion of Cellulose into Ethylene Glycol,” ChemSusChem, vol. 3, pp. 63–66, 2010.
[16] T. Matsumoto, M. Sadakiyo, M. L. Ooi, S. Kitano, T. Yamamoto, S. Matsumura, K. Kato, T. Takeguchi, and M. Yamauchi, “CO2-Free Power Generation on an Iron Group Nanoalloy Catalyst via Selective Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol to Oxalic Acid in Alkaline Media,” Sci. Rep., vol. 4, pp. 1–6, 2014.
[17] K. Miltenberger, “Hydroxycarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic,” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 481–492, 2012.
[18] J. Martin, “Glycolic Acid Market Analysis,” 2013. [Online]. Available: https://issuu.com/jamesmartin19/docs/glycolic_acid_market_-_global_indus. [Accessed: 18-Jan-2021].
[19] M. Liu, Y. Ding, M. Xian, and G. Zhao, “Metabolic Engineering of a Xylose Pathway for Biotechnological Production of Glycolate in Escherichia Coli,” Microb. Cell Fact., vol. 17, no. 51, pp. 1–11, 2018.
[20] “Glycolic Acid Market,” MarketsandMarkets Research Private Ltd., 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/glycolic-polyglycolic-acid-market-1090.html. [Accessed: 18-Jan-2021].
[21] N. Dalbay and F. Kadirgan, “The Properties of Palladium Electrodes for Electrooxidation of Ethylene Glycol,” J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., vol. 296, no. 2, pp. 559–569, 1990.
[22] P. K. Shen and C. Xu, “Alcohol Oxidation on Nanocrystalline Oxide Pd/C Promoted Electrocatalysts,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 184–188, 2006.
[23] E. Santos and M. C. Giordano, “Electrocatalytic oxidation of organic molecules in alkaline solutions - II. Electroadsorption and electrooxidation of ethylene glycol at platinum,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 871–878, 1985.
[24] S. Rebsdat and D. Mayer, “Ethylene Glycol,” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 531–546, 2012.
[25] ACROS ORGANICS, “Unit Price of Ethylene Glycol,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.acros.com/DesktopModules/Acros_Search_Results/Acros_Search_Results.aspx?search_type=CatalogSearch&SearchString=Ethylene glycol. [Accessed: 11-Jul-2021].
[26] W. Riemenschneider and M. Tanifuji, “Oxalic Acid,” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 529–541, 2012.
[27] W. Reutemann and H. Kieczka, “Formic Acid,” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 13–33, 2012.
[28] ACROS ORGANICS, “Unit Price of Glycolate,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.acros.com/DesktopModules/Acros_Search_Results/Acros_Search_Results.aspx?search_type=CatalogSearch&SearchString=glycolate. [Accessed: 11-Jul-2021].
[29] A. Verma, R. Kore, D. R. Corbin, and M. B. Shiflett, “Metal Recovery Using Oxalate Chemistry – A Technical Review,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 58, no. 34, pp. 15381-, 2019.
[30] ACROS ORGANICS, “Unit Price of Oxalate,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.acros.com/DesktopModules/Acros_Search_Results/Acros_Search_Results.aspx?search_type=CatalogSearch&SearchString=oxalate. [Accessed: 11-Jul-2021].
[31] A. Alissandratos, H. Kim, and C. J. Easton, “Formate Production through Biocatalysis,” Bioengineered, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 348–350, 2013.
[32] ACROS ORGANICS, “Unit Price of Formate,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.acros.com/DesktopModules/Acros_Search_Results/Acros_Search_Results.aspx?search_type=CatalogSearch&SearchString=formate. [Accessed: 11-Jul-2021].
[33] D. Bayer, S. Berenger, M. Joos, C. Cremers, and J. Tubke, “Electrochemical Oxidation of C2 Alcohols at Platinum Electrodes in Acidic and Alkaline Environment,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, no. 22, pp. 12660–12667, 2010.
[34] S.-C. Chang, Y. Ho, and M. J. Weaver, “Applications of Real-Time FTIR Spectroscopy to the Elucidation of Complex Electroorganic Pathways : Electrooxidation of Ethylene Glycol on Gold , Platinum , and Nickel in Alkaline Solution,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 113, no. 25, pp. 9506–9513, 1991.
[35] F. Kadirgan, B. Beden, and C. Lamy, “Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethylene-Glycol Part II. Behaviour of Platinum-ad-atom Electrodes in Alkaline Medium,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 143, no. 1–2, pp. 135–152, 1983.
[36] R. B. De Lima, V. Paganin, T. Iwasita, and W. Vielstich, “On the Electrocatalysis of Ethylene Glycol Oxidation,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 85–91, 2003.
[37] H. Wang, Y. Zhao, Z. Jusys, and R. J. Behm, “Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation on Carbon Supported Pt, PtRu, and Pt3Sn Catalysts - A Comparative DEMS Study,” J. Power Sources, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 33–46, 2006.
[38] A. O. Neto, M. Linardi, and E. V. Spinacé, “Electro-oxidation of Ethylene Glycol on PtSn/C and PtSnNi/C Electrocatalysts,” Ionics (Kiel)., vol. 12, pp. 309–313, 2006.
[39] A. Falase, M. Main, K. Garcia, A. Serov, C. Lau, and P. Atanassov, “Electro-oxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol by Platinum-Based Binary and Ternary Nano-Structured Catalysts,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 295–301, 2012.
[40] Y. Kim, H. Kim, and W. B. Kim, “PtAg Nanotubes for Electrooxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol in Alkaline Media,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 46, pp. 36–39, 2014.
[41] B. Beden, I. Cetin, A. Kahyaoglu, D. Takky, and C. Lamy, “Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Saturated Oxygenated on Gold Electrodes,” J. Catal., vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 37–46, 1987.
[42] K. Matsuoka, Y. Iriyama, T. Abe, M. Matsuoka, and Z. Ogumi, “Electro-oxidation of Methanol and Ethylene Glycol on Platinum in Alkaline Solution: Poisoning Effects and Product Analysis,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1085–1090, 2005.
[43] V. Bambagioni, M. Bevilacqua, C. Bianchini, J. Filippi, A. Marchionni, F. Vizza, L. Q. Wang, and P. K. Shen, “Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation on Smooth and Nanostructured Pd Electrodes in Alkaline Media,” Fuel Cells, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 582–590, 2010.
[44] C. Xu, Z. Tian, P. K. Shen, and S. P. Jiang, “Oxide (CeO2, NiO, Co3O4, and Mn3O4) - promoted Pd/C Electrocatalysts for Alcohol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 2610–2618, 2008.
[45] L. Wang, H. Meng, P. K. Shen, C. Bianchini, F. Vizza, and Z. Wei, “In situ FTIR Spectroelectrochemical Study on the Mechanism of Ethylene Glycol Electrocatalytic Oxidation at a Pd Electrode,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 13, pp. 2667–2673, 2011.
[46] A. Marchionni, M. Bevilacqua, C. Bianchini, Y.-X. Chen, J. Filippi, P. Fornasiero, A. Lavacchi, H. Miller, L. Wang, and F. Vizza, “Electrooxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol on Pd-(Ni-Zn)/C Anodes in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells,” ChemSusChem, vol. 6, pp. 518–528, 2013.
[47] Y. X. Chen, A. Lavacchi, H. A. Miller, M. Bevilacqua, J. Filippi, M. Innocenti, A. Marchionni, W. Oberhauser, L. Wang, and F. Vizza, “Nanotechnology makes more energy efficient than water electrolysis,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 1–6, 2014.
[48] V. Bambagioni, M. Bevilacqua, C. Bianchini, J. Filippi, A. Lavacchi, A. Marchionni, F. Vizza, and P. K. Shen, “Self‐Sustainable Production of Hydrogen, Chemicals, and Energy from Renewable Alcohols by Electrocatalysis,” ChemSusChem, vol. 3, pp. 851–855, 2010.
[49] J. Lin, J. Ren, N. Tian, Z. Zhou, and S.-G. Sun, “In-Situ FTIR Spectroscopic Studies of Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation on Pd Electrode in Alkaline Solution : The Effects of Concentration,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 688, pp. 165–171, 2013.
[50] C. Bianchini and P. K. Shen, “Palladium-Based Electrocatalysts for Alcohol Oxidation in Half Cells and in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells,” Chem. Rev., vol. 109, no. 9, pp. 4183–4206, 2009.
[51] L. Demarconnay, S. Brimaud, C. Coutanceau, and J. M. Leger, “Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Medium at Multi-metallic Pt Based Catalysts,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 601, no. 1–2, pp. 169–180, 2007.
[52] H. Zhang, M. Jin, Y. Xiong, B. Lim, and Y. Xia, “Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals and Their Catalytic Applications,” Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1783–1794, 2013.
[53] L. Jiqiao and H. Baiyun, “Particle size characterization of ultrafine tungsten powder,” Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater., vol. 19, pp. 89–99, 2001.
[54] V. T. T. Ho, C.-J. Pan, J. Rick, W.-N. Su, and B.-J. Hwang, “Nanostructured Ti0.7Mo0.3O2 Support Enhances Electron Transfer to Pt: High-Performance Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 133, pp. 11716–11724, 2011.
[55] M.-C. Tsai, T.-T. Nguyen, N. G. Akalework, C.-J. Pan, J. Rick, Y.-F. Liao, W.-N. Su, and B. J. Hwang, “Interplay between Molybdenum Dopant and Oxygen Vacancies in a TiO2 Support Enhances the Oxygen Reduction Reaction,” ACS Catal., vol. 6, pp. 6551–6559, 2016.
[56] J. Brelle, A. Blatter, and R. Ziegenhagen, “Precious Palladium-Aluminium-Based Alloys with High Hardness and Workability,” Platin. Met. Rev., vol. 53, no. 4, p. 189, 2009.
[57] R. Pattabiraman, “Electrochemical Investigations on Carbon Supported Palladium Catalysts,” Appl. Catal. A Gen., vol. 153, no. 1–2, pp. 9–20, 1997.
[58] H. Renner, G. Schlamp, I. Kleinweachter, E. Drost, H. M. Leuschow, P. Tews, P. Panster, M. Diehl, J. Lang, T. Kreuzer, A. Knodler, K. A. Strarz, K. Dermann, J. Rothaut, R. Drieselmann, C. Peter, and R. Schiele, “Platinum Group Metals and Compounds,” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 28th ed., Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 317–388, 2012.
[59] U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021. National Minerals Information Center, 2021.
[60] A. E. Yarulin, R. M. C. Quesada, E. V. Egorova, and L. L. K. Minsker, “Structure Sensitivity of Selective Acetylene Hydrogenation over the Catalysts with Shape-Controlled Palladium Nanoparticles,” Kinet. i Katal., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 263–271, 2012.
[61] M. Jin, H. Zhang, Z. Xie, and Y. Xia, “Palladium Nanocrystals Enclosed by (100) and (111) Facets in Controlled Proportions and Their Catalytic Activities,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 6352–6357, 2012.
[62] I. Efremenko, “Implication of Palladium Geometric and Electronic Structures to Hydrogen Activation on Bulk Surfaces and Clusters,” J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., vol. 173, no. 1–2, pp. 19–59, 2001.
[63] Y. Yu, Y. Zhao, T. Huang, and H. Liu, “Shape-controlled Synthesis of Palladium Nanocrystals by Microwave Irradiation,” Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 81, no. 12, pp. 2377–2385, 2009.
[64] T. Teranishi and M. Miyake, “Size Control of Palladium Nanoparticles and Their Crystal Structures,” Chem. Mater., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 594–600, 1998.
[65] Y. Xiong and Y. Xia, “Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures: The Case of Palladium,” Adv. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 3385–3391, 2007.
[66] A. Rochefort, J. Andzelm, N. Russo, and D. R. Salahub, “Chemisorption and Diffusion of Atomic Hydrogen in and on Cluster Models of Pd, Rh, and Bimetallic PdSn, RhSn, and RhZn Catalysts,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 112, no. 23, pp. 8239–8247, 1990.
[67] S. Speller, T. Rauch, A. Postnikov, and W. Heiland, “Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of CO-likes on Pd (111),” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 7297–7300, 2000.
[68] W. Tu and H. Liu, “Rapid Synthesis of Nanoscale Colloidal Metal Clusters by Microwave Irradiation,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 10, pp. 2207–2211, 2000.
[69] Z. Q. Tian, F. Y. Xie, and P. K. Shen, “Preparation of High Loading Pt Supported on Carbon by On-Site Reduction Method,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1507–1509, 2004.
[70] C. A. Reiser, L. Bregoli, T. W. Patterson, J. S. Yi, J. D. Yang, M. L. Perry, and T. D. Jarvi, “A Reverse-Current Decay Mechanism for Fuel Cells,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. A273–A276, 2005.
[71] K. H. Kangasniemi, D. A. Condit, and T. D. Jarvi, “Characterization of Vulcan Electrochemically Oxidized under Simulated PEM Fuel Cell Conditions,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 151, no. 4, pp. E125–E132, 2004.
[72] C. T. Campbell and J. Sauer, “Introduction: Surface Chemistry of Oxides,” Chem. Rev., vol. 113, pp. 3859–3862, 2013.
[73] K. An and G. A. Somorjai, “Nanocatalysis I : Synthesis of Metal and Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Porous Oxides and Their Catalytic Reaction Studies,” Catal. Lett., vol. 145, pp. 233–248, 2015.
[74] Y.-X. Chen, A. Lavacchi, S.-P. Chen, F. D. Benedetto, M. Bevilacqua, C. Bianchini, P. Fornasiero, M. Innocenti, M. Marelli, W. Oberhauser, S.-G. Sun, and F. Vizza, “Electrochemical Milling and Faceting : Size Reduction and Catalytic Activation of Palladium on TiO2 Nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem., vol. 124, pp. 8628–8632, 2012.
[75] V. I. Lakshamanan, A. Bhowmick, and M. A. Halim, “Chapter 5 : Titanium Dioxide : Production, Properties, and Applications,” in Titanium Dioxide : Chemical Properties, Applications, and Environmental Effects, no. May, J. Brown, Ed. New York: Nova Publishers, pp. 75–130, 2014.
[76] M. H. Samat, A. M. M. Ali, M. F. M. Taib, O. H. Hassan, and M. Z. A. Yahya, “Hubbard U Calculations on Optical Properties of 3d Transition Metal Oxide TiO2,” Results Phys., vol. 6, pp. 891–896, 2016.
[77] Y. Hwu, Y. D. Yao, N. F. Cheng, C. Y. Tung, and H. M. Lin, “X-ray Absorption of Nanocrystal TiO2,” NanoStructured Mater., vol. 9, no. 97, pp. 355–358, 1997.
[78] H. Zhang and J. F. Banfield, “Thermodynamic Analysis of Phase Stability of Nanocrystalline Titania,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2073–2076, 1998.
[79] J.-Y. Park, C. Lee, K.-W. Jung, and D. Jung, “Structure Related Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2,” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 402–404, 2009.
[80] J. E. S. Haggerty, L. T. Schelhas, D. A. Kitchaev, J. S. Mangum, L. M. Garten, W. Sun, K. H. Stone, J. D. Perkins, M. F. Toney, G. Ceder, D. S. Ginley, B. P. Gorman, and J. Tate, “High-Fraction Brookite Films From Amorphous Precursors,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, no. August, pp. 1–11, 2017.
[81] S. Yang and L. E. Halliburton, “Fluorine Donors and Ti3+ Ions in TiO2 Crystals,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 81, no. January, pp. 1–7, 2010.
[82] K. Thamaphat, P. Limsuwan, and B. Ngotawornchai, “Phase Characterization of TiO2 Powder by XRD and TEM,” Nat. Sci., vol. 42, pp. 357–361, 2008.
[83] I. R. Ocana, A. Beltram, J. J. D. Jaén, G. Adami, T. Montini, and P. Fornasiero, “Photocatalytic H2 production by ethanol photodehydrogenation: Effect of anatase/brookite nanocomposites composition,” Inorganica Chim. Acta, pp. 1–9, 2015.
[84] A. T. Paxton and L. Thien-Nga, “Electronic Structure of Reduced Titanium Dioxide,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1579–1584, 1998.
[85] M. R. Hoffmann, S. T. Martin, W. Choi, and D. W. Bahnemann, “Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis,” Chem. Rev., vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 69–96, 1995.
[86] A. Fujishima, T. N. Rao, and D. A. Tryk, “Titanium dioxide catalyst,” Photochem. Rev., vol. 1, no. March, pp. 1–21, 2000.
[87] C. A. C. López, S. E. R. Gómez, A. C. Hurtado, and S. A. G. Duarte, “Effect of the synthesis variables of TiO2 on the photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of water pollutants,” Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioquia N., vol. 57, pp. 49–56, 2011.
[88] K. Chalastara, F. Guo, S. Elouatik, and G. P. Demopoulos, “Tunable Composition Aqueous-Synthesized Mixed-Phase TiO2 Nanocrystals: Comparison of Anatase, Brookite and Rutile,” Catalysts, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 407, 2020.
[89] M. Li, L. Gu, T. Li, S. Hao, F. Tan, D. Chen, D. Zhu, Y. Xu, C. Sun, and Z. Yang, “TiO2-Seeded Hydrothermal Growth of TiO2 Nanocrystals,” Crystals, vol. 10, no. 202, pp. 1–15, 2020.
[90] X. Chen and S. S. Mao, “Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials : Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications,” Chem. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 2891–2959, 2007.
[91] G. Pacchioni, “Electronic Interactions and Charge Transfers of Metal Atoms and Clusters on Oxide Surfaces,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 15, pp. 1737–1757, 2013.
[92] M. J. J. Jak, C. Konstapel, A. van Kreuningen, J. Verhoeven, and J. W. M. Frenken, “Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Study of the Growth of Small Palladium Particles on TiO2 (110),” Surf. Sci., vol. 457, no. 3, pp. 295–310, 2000.
[93] B. L. Mojet, J. T. Miller, D. E. Ramaker, and D. C. Koningsberger, “A New Model Describing the Metal-Support Interaction in Noble Metal Catalysts,” J. Catal., vol. 186, no. 2, pp. 373–386, 1999.
[94] T. Bredow and G. Pacchioni, “A Quantum-Chemical Study of Pd Atoms Supported on TiO2 (110),” Surf. Sci., vol. 426, no. 1, pp. 106–122, 1999.
[95] I. G. Kokh, L. V. Babenkova, and N. M. Popova, “Reactivity of Chemisorbed Hydrogen Species on Pd Towards Acetylene,” React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 243–248, 1987.
[96] B. C. Khanra and M. Menon, “Role of Adsorption on Surface Composition of Pd/TiO2 Nanoparticles,” Phys. B, vol. 270, no. 3–4, pp. 307–312, 1999.
[97] M.-F. Luo and X.-M. Zheng, “Redox Behaviour and Catalytic Properties of TiO2-supported Palladium Catalysts,” Appl. Catal. A Gen., vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 1999.
[98] V. P. Zhdanov and B. Kasemo, “Simulations of the Reaction Kinetics on Nanometer Supported Catalyst Particles,” Surf. Sci. Rep., vol. 39, no. 2–4, pp. 25–104, 2000.
[99] M. Watanabe and S. Motoo, “Enhancement of the Oxidation of Methanol on Platinum and Palladium By Gold Ad-Atoms,” J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 259–266, 1975.
[100] Thermo Nicolet Corporation, “Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry,” Wisconsin, 2001.
[101] T. L. James, “Chapter 1 Fundamentals of NMR,” California: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, pp. 1–31, 1998.
[102] D. Turner, “Gas Chromatography,” Analysis & Separations from Technology Networks, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/articles/gas-chromatography-how-a-gas-chromatography-machine-works-how-to-read-a-chromatograph-and-gcxgc-335168. [Accessed: 20-May-2021].
[103] M. Yoshimura and K. Byrappa, “Hydrothermal Processing of Materials: Past, Present and Future,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 2085–2103, 2008.
[104] M. Carmo, A. R. dos Santos, J. G. R. Poco, and M. Linardi, “Physical and electrochemical evaluation of commercial carbon black as electrocatalysts supports for DMFC applications,” J. Power Sources, vol. 173, pp. 860–866, 2007.
[105] F. J. S. Trujillo, “Investigation of the Catalytic Performance of Palladium-Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Formic Acid Decomposition,” Cardiff University, 2018.
[106] C.-J. Pan, M.-C. Tsai, W.-N. Su, J. Rick, N. G. Akalework, A. K. Agegnehu, S.-Y. Cheng, and B. J. Hwang, “Tuning/exploiting Strong Metal-Support Interaction (SMSI) in Heterogeneous Catalysis,” J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., vol. 74, pp. 154–186, 2017.
[107] T. Yokoyama, K. Asakura, Y. Iwasawa, and H. Kuroda, “Temperature Dependence of Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra of Rh and Pd Catalysts in the Strong Metal-Support Interaction State,” J. Phys. Chem., vol. 93, no. 26, pp. 8323–8327, 1989.
[108] P. Reyes, M. C. Aguirre, I. Melian-Cabrera, M. L. Granados, and J. L. G. Fierro, “Interfacial Properties of an Pd/TiO2 System and Their Relevance in Crotonaldehyde Hydrogenation,” J. Catal., vol. 208, pp. 229–237, 2002.
[109] C. Lu, C. Rice, R. I. Masel, P. K. Babu, P. Waszczuk, H. S. Kim, E. Oldfield, and A. Wieckowski, “UHV, Electrochemical NMR, and Electrochemical Studies of Platinum/Ruthenium Fuel Cell Catalysts,” J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 106, pp. 9581–9589, 2002.
[110] B. Erdem, R. A. Hunsicker, G. W. Simmons, E. D. Sudol, V. L. Dimonie, and M. S. El-Aasser, “XPS and FTIR Surface Characterization of TiO2 Particles Used in Polymer Encapsulation,” Langmuir, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 2664–2669, 2001.
[111] C. Wei, S. Sun, D. Mandler, X. Wang, S. Z. Qiao, and Z. J. Xu, “Approaches for Measuring the Surface Areas of Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for Determining Their Intrinsic Electrocatalytic Activity,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 48, pp. 2518–2534, 2019.
[112] J. Durst, A. Siebel, C. Simon, F. Hasche, J. Herranz, and H. A. Gasteiger, “New insights into the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation and evolution reaction mechanism,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 2255–2260, 2014.
[113] R. Liang, A. Hu, J. Persic, and Y. N. Zhou, “Palladium Nanoparticles Loaded on Carbon Modified TiO2 Nanobelts for Enhanced Methanol Electrooxidation,” Nano-Micro Lett., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 202–212, 2013.
[114] Z.-Z. Yang, L. Liu, A.-J. Wang, J. Yuan, J.-J. Feng, and Q.-Q. Xu, “Simple wet-chemical strategy for large-scaled synthesis of snowflake-like PdAu alloy nanostructures as effective electrocatalysts of ethanol and ethylene glycol oxidation,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 2034–2044, 2017.
[115] D. Tu, B. Wu, B. Wang, C. Deng, and Y. Gao, “A highly Active Carbon-Supported PdSn Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation,” Appl. Catal. B Environ., vol. 103, no. 1–2, pp. 163–168, 2011.
[116] Y. Jiang, Y. Lu, F. Li, T. Wu, L. Niu, and W. Chen, “Facile Electrochemical Codeposition of ‘Clean’ Graphene-Pd Nanocomposite as an Anode Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 19, pp. 21–24, 2012.
[117] X. Fang, L. Wang, P. K. Shen, G. Cui, and C. Bianchini, “An in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroelectrochemical study on ethylene glycol electrooxidation on Pd in alkaline solution,” J. Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 5, pp. 1375–1378, 2010.
[118] A. Bahuguna and Y. Sasson, “Formate Bicarbonate Cycle as a Vehicle for Hydrogen and Energy Storage,” ChemSusChem, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1258–1283, 2021.
[119] M. Liu, Y. Ding, M. Xian, and G. Zhao, “Metabolic Engineering of a Xylose Pathway for Biotechnological Production of Glycolate in Escherichia Coli,” Microb. Cell Fact., vol. 17, no. 51, pp. 1–11, 2018.
[120] Research and Markets, “Insights on the Oxalate Global Market (2020 to 2027) - by Application, End-use Industry and Form,” Intrado GlobeNewswire, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/11/04/2120012/0/en/Insights-on-the-Diethyl-Oxalate-Global-Market-2020-to-2027-by-Application-End-use-Industry-and-Form.html. [Accessed: 16-May-2021].
[121] Verified Market Research, “Global Formate Market Size By Application, By Geographic Scope And Forecast,” Verified Market Research, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/sodium-formate-market/. [Accessed: 16-May-2021].
[122] United States Patents 5,965,889 & 6,128,075, P. R. Brierley, PIKE Technologies, 1999, 2000.
[123] A. M. Jasim, S. E. Hoff, Y. Xing, “Enhancing methanol electrooxidation activity using double oxide catalyst support of tin oxide clusters on doped titanium dioxides,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 261, pp. 221–226, 2018.