鑽石為碳的同素異形體，從其他碳材料判斷其獨特的性質為，鑽石是光學透明的且通常包含缺乏色心的點。Nitrogen vacancy的缺陷在鑽石中是最顯著的顏色。這個獨特的光學性質結合了無細胞毒性和材料的好的表面官能作用，使得奈米鑽石的螢光探針在細胞的環境中，有希望在生物標記上應用。
最後，我們利用flow cytometry (流式細胞技術)及fluorescence spectroscopy (螢光光譜法) 成功的得到沒有遮蔽的FND(螢光奈米鑽石)的細胞量，和Hela細胞上BSA共軛FNDs。清楚地，有很多東西在表面修飾過的FNDs仍可發現。我們期望表面官能化的螢光奈米鑽石在未來的幾十年，能夠符合生物及醫學上的需求。

Diamond is an allotrope of carbon. A unique property that distinguishes it from the other carbon materials is that diamond is optically transparent and often contains point defects as color centers. Nitrogen vacancy (N-V) defects are the most noteworthy color centers in diamond, because it emits far-red fluorescence with high photostability. This unique optical property combined with the non-cytotoxicity and good surface functionalizability characteristics of the material makes nanoscale diamonds a promising fluorescent probe for biolabeling applications in cellular environments.
Finally, We have successfully determined the quantity of cellular uptake of bare FNDs and BSA-conjugated FNDs in HeLa cells with both flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. As a proof of the results, we have conducted the confocal fluorescene miscroscopy for HeLa cells incubated with bare FNDs and/or BSA-coated FNDs. Clearly, there are still many things to explore with surface-modified FNDs. It is anticipated that the surface functionalized fluorescent nanodiamond will meet up with several biological and medical needs in the next few decades to come.

REFERENCES
[1]V. V. Danilenko, “On the history of the discovery of nanodiamond synthesis,” Phys. Solid State, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 595–599, 2004.
[2]C.-C. Fu, H.-Y. Lee, K. Chen, T.-S. Lim, H.-Y. Wu, P.-K. Lin, P.-K. Wei, P.-H. Tsao, H.-C. Chang, and W. Fann, “Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers.,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 727–732, 2007.
[3]S. J. Yu, M. W. Kang, H. C. Chang, K. M. Chen, and Y. C. Yu, “Bright fluorescent nanodiamonds: No photobleaching and low cytotoxicity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 127, no. 50, pp. 17604–17605, 2005.
[4]T.-S. Lim, C.-C. Fu, K.-C. Lee, H.-Y. Lee, K. Chen, W.-F. Cheng, W. W. Pai, H.-C. Chang, and W. Fann, “Fluorescence enhancement and lifetime modification of single nanodiamonds near a nanocrystalline silver surface.,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1508–1514, 2009.
[5]A. Manuscript, I. Disorders, and A. R. Technology, “NIH Public Access,” vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 417–428, 2009.
[6]R. Kaur and I. Badea, “Nanodiamonds as novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Drug delivery and imaging systems,” Int. J. Nanomedicine, vol. 8, pp. 203–220, 2013.
[7]J.-I. Chao, E. Perevedentseva, P.-H. Chung, K.-K. Liu, C.-Y. Cheng, C.-C. Chang, and C.-L. Cheng, “Nanometer-sized diamond particle as a probe for biolabeling.,” Biophys. J., vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2199–2208, 2007.
[8]F. Neugart, A. Zappe, F. Jelezko, C. Tietz, J. P. Boudou, A. Krueger, and J. Wrachtrup, “Dynamics of diamond nanoparticles in solution and cells,” Nano Lett., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3588–3591, 2007.
[9]N. Mohan, C. S. Chen, H. H. Hsieh, Y. C. Wu, and H. C. Chang, “In vivo imaging and toxicity assessments of fluorescent nanodiamonds in caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett., vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 3692–3699, 2010.
[10]O. a. Shenderova, V. V. Zhirnov, and D. W. Brenner, “Carbon Nanostructures,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., vol. 27, no. 3–4, pp. 227–356, 2002.
[11]a K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, Geim A. K., and Novoselov K. S., “The rise of graphene.,” Nat. Mater., pp. 183–191, 2007.
[12]O. a. Williams, “Nanocrystalline diamond,” Diam. Relat. Mater., vol. 20, no. 5–6, pp. 621–640, 2011.
[13]“NANODIAMONDS : A NEW-FANGLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM,” no. July 2015, 2013.
[14]E. G. Gray, “© 1955 Nature Publishing Group,” Nature, vol. 175, pp. 642–643, 1955.
[15]H. P. Bovenkerk, F. P. Bundy, H. T. Hall, H. M. Strong, and R. H. Wentorf, “Preparation of Diamond,” Nature, vol. 184, no. 4693, pp. 1094–1098, 1959.
[16]B. Technology, “Interactions of nitrogen – vacancy centers with charged surfaces of functionalized nanodiamond particles for the detection of cellular processes,” 2012.
[17]V. Schwartz, S. H. Overbury, and C. Liang, “Carbon-mediated catalysis: Oxidative dehydrogenation on graphitic carbon,” ACS Symp. Ser., vol. 1132, pp. 247–258, 2013.
[18]Y. Zhu, J. Li, W. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Yang, N. Chen, Y. Sun, Y. Zhao, C. Fan, and Q. Huang, “The biocompatibility of nanodiamonds and their application in drug delivery systems,” Theranostics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 302–312, 2012.
[19]M. Ozawa, M. Inaguma, M. Takahashi, F. Kataoka, A. Krüger, and E. Osawa, “Preparation and behavior of brownish, clear nanodiamond colloids,” Adv. Mater., vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1201–1206, 2007.
[20]V. N. Mochalin, O. Shenderova, D. Ho, and Y. Gogotsi, “The properties and applications of nanodiamonds,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–23, 2011.
[21]Y.-R. Chang, H.-Y. Lee, K. Chen, C.-C. Chang, D.-S. Tsai, C.-C. Fu, T.-S. Lim, Y.-K. Tzeng, C.-Y. Fang, C.-C. Han, H.-C. Chang, and W. Fann, “Mass production and dynamic imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds.,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 284–288, 2008.
[22]P. W. May, “Diamond thin films: a 21st-century material,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., vol. 358, no. 1766, pp. 473–495, 2000.
[23]J. C. Angus and C. C. Hayman, “Low-pressure, metastable growth of diamond and ‘diamondlike’ phases.,” Science, vol. 241, no. 4868, pp. 913–921, 1988.
[24]D. Films and D. M. Gruen, “NANOCRYSTALLINE,” 1999.
[25]L. Tang, C. Tsai, W. W. Gerberich, L. Kruckeberg, and D. R. Kania, “Biocompatibility of chemical-vapour-deposited diamond,” Biomaterials, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 483–488, 1995.
[26]A. F. Azevedo, E. J. Corat, N. G. Ferreira, and V. J. Trava-Airoldi, “Wettability and corrosion tests of diamond films grown on Ti6Al4V alloy,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 194, no. 2–3, pp. 271–275, 2005.
[27]A. M. Schrand, H. Huang, C. Carlson, J. J. Schlager, E. Osawa, S. M. Hussain, and L. Dai, “Are diamond nanoparticles cytotoxic?,” J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 2–7, 2007.
[28]K. B. Holt, “Diamond at the nanoscale: applications of diamond nanoparticles from cellular biomarkers to quantum computing.,” Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., vol. 365, no. 1861, pp. 2845–2861, 2007.
[29]B. D. Thoms, M. S. Owens, J. E. Butler, and C. Spiro, “Production and characterization of smooth, hydrogen-terminated diamond C(100),” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 65, no. 23, pp. 2957–2959, 1994.
[30]C. Han, “( 19 ) United States,” vol. 1, no. 19, 2006.
[31]S. Ji, T. Jiang, K. Xu, and S. Li, “FTIR study of the adsorption of water on ultradispersed diamond powder surface,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 231–238, 1998.
[32]U. Fluorescent and D. Kanyuk, “ULTRAFINE FLUORESCENT DIAMONDS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY Kanyuk M. I.,” vol. 7751, no. 4, pp. 1–17, 2014.
[33]S. A. Dahoumane, M. N. Nguyen, A. Thorel, J. P. Boudou, M. M. Chehimi, and C. Mangeney, “Protein-functionalized hairy diamond nanoparticles,” Langmuir, vol. 25, no. 17, pp. 9633–9638, 2009.
[34]Y. Liang, T. Meinhardt, G. Jarre, M. Ozawa, P. Vrdoljak, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, and A. Krueger, “Deagglomeration and surface modification of thermally annealed nanoscale diamond,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 354, no. 1, pp. 23–30, 2011.
[35]L. Zhao, T. Takimoto, M. Ito, N. Kitagawa, T. Kimura, and N. Komatsu, “Chromatographic separation of highly soluble diamond nanoparticles prepared by polyglycerol grafting,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1388–1392, 2011.
[36]V. K. a. Sreenivasan, E. a. Ivukina, W. Deng, T. a. Kelf, T. a. Zdobnova, S. V. Lukash, B. V. Veryugin, O. a. Stremovskiy, A. V. Zvyagin, and S. M. Deyev, “Barstar:barnase — a versatile platform for colloidal diamond bioconjugation,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 21, no. 1, p. 65, 2011.
[37]U. Maitra, a. Gomathi, and C. N. R. Rao, “Covalent and noncovalent functionalisation and solubilisation of nanodiamond,” J. Exp. Nanosci., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 271–278, 2008.
[38]V. N. Mochalin, O. Shenderova, D. Ho, and Y. Gogotsi, “The properties and applications of nanodiamonds,” Nat Nano, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–23, Jan. 2012.
[39]G. Balasubramanian, I. Y. Chan, R. Kolesov, M. Al-Hmoud, J. Tisler, C. Shin, C. Kim, A. Wojcik, P. R. Hemmer, A. Krueger, T. Hanke, A. Leitenstorfer, R. Bratschitsch, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, “Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions.,” Nature, vol. 455, no. 7213, pp. 648–651, 2008.
[40]Z. Xie, “Laser-induced Multi-energy Processing in Diamond Growth,” p. 149, 2012.
[41]R. Jones and J. P. Goss, “Theory of Aggregation of Nitrogen in Diamond,” Prop. Growth Appl. Diam., p. A5.1, 2001.
[42]V. Vaijayanthimala and H.-C. Chang, “Functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications.,” Nanomedicine (London, England), vol. 4, no. 1. pp. 47–55, 2009.
[43]F. Treussart, V. Jacques, E. Wu, T. Gacoin, P. Grangier, and J. F. Roch, “Photoluminescence of single colour defects in 50 nm diamond nanocrystals,” Phys. B Condens. Matter, vol. 376–377, no. 1, pp. 926–929, 2006.
[44]I. Diamond, T. Wee, Y. Tzeng, C. Han, and H. Chang, “Two-photon Excited Fluorescence of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Proton-Irradiated Type,” pp. 9379–9386, 2007.
[45]S. C. Lawson, D. Fisher, D. C. Hunt, and M. E. Newton, “On the existence of positively charged single-substitutional nitrogen in diamond,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 10, no. 27, p. 6171, 1998.
[46]O. Faklaris, V. Joshi, T. Irinopoulou, P. Tauc, M. Sennour, H. Girard, C. Gesset, J. C. Arnault, A. Thorel, J. P. Boudou, P. a. Curmi, and F. Treussart, “Photoluminescent diamond nanoparticles for cell labeling: Study of the uptake mechanism in mammalian cells,” ACS Nano, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 3955–3962, 2009.
[47]G. Davies, S. C. Lawson, A. T. Collins, A. Mainwood, and S. J. Sharp, “Vacancy-related centers in diamond,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 46, no. 20, pp. 13157–13170, Nov. 1992.
[48]Y. Y. Hui, Y. Chang, N. Mohan, T. Lim, Y. Chen, and H. Chang, “Polarization modulation spectroscopy of single fluorescent nanodiamonds with multiple nitrogen-vacancy centers,” no. 3, pp. 1–5, 2011.
[49]a. Gruber, “Scanning Confocal Optical Microscopy and Magnetic Resonance on Single Defect Centers,” Science (80-. )., vol. 276, no. 5321, pp. 2012–2014, 1997.
[50]A. T. Collins, M. F. Thomaz, and M. I. B. Jorge, “Luminescence decay time of the 1.945 eV centre in type Ib diamond,” J. Phys. C Solid State Phys., vol. 16, no. 11, p. 2177, 1983.
[51]J. Tisler, G. Balasubramanian, B. Naydenov, R. Kolesov, B. Grotz, R. Reuter, J. P. Boudou, P. a. Curmi, M. Sennour, A. Thorel, M. Börsch, K. Aulenbacher, R. Erdmann, P. R. Hemmer, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, “Fluorescence and spin properties of defects in single digit nanodiamonds,” ACS Nano, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 1959–1965, 2009.
[52]Y. Y. Hui, C.-L. Cheng, and H.-C. Chang, “Nanodiamonds for optical bioimaging,” J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 37, p. 374021, 2010.
[53]A. Gali, M. Fyta, and E. Kaxiras, “\textit{Ab initio} supercell calculations on nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond: Electronic structure and hyperfine tensors,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 77, no. 15, p. 155206, Apr. 2008.
[54]M. F. Weng, S. Y. Chiang, N. S. Wang, and H. Niu, “Fluorescent nanodiamonds for specifically targeted bioimaging: Application to the interaction of transferrin with transferrin receptor,” Diam. Relat. Mater., vol. 18, no. 2–3, pp. 587–591, 2009.
[55]K. Koenig and H. Schneckenburger, “Laser-induced autofluorescence for medical diagnosis,” J. Fluoresc., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 17–40, 1994.
[56]C. M. Brown, “Fluorescence microscopy--avoiding the pitfalls.,” J. Cell Sci., vol. 120, no. Pt 10, pp. 1703–1705, 2007.
[57]C. D. Clark and C. A. Norris, “Photoluminescence associated with the 1.673, 1.944 and 2.498 eV centres in diamond,” J. Phys. C Solid State Phys., vol. 4, no. 14, p. 2223, 1971.
[58]G. Davies, “The effect of nitrogen impurity on the annealing of radiation damage in diamond,” J. Phys. C Solid State Phys., vol. 5, no. 17, p. 2534, 1972.
[59]T. L. Wee, Y. W. Mau, C. Y. Fang, H. L. Hsu, C. C. Han, and H. C. Chang, “Preparation and characterization of green fluorescent nanodiamonds for biological applications,” Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 18, no. 2–3. pp. 567–573, 2009.
[60]U. Resch-Genger, M. Grabolle, S. Cavaliere-Jaricot, R. Nitschke, and T. Nann, “Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels.,” Nat. Methods, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 763–775, 2008.
[61]H. Sahoo, “Fluorescent labeling techniques in biomolecules: a flashback,” RSC Adv., vol. 2, no. 18, p. 7017, 2012.
[62]C. Bradac, T. Gaebel, N. Naidoo, M. J. Sellars, J. Twamley, L. J. Brown, a S. Barnard, T. Plakhotnik, a V Zvyagin, and J. R. Rabeau, “Observation and control of blinking nitrogen-vacancy centres in discrete nanodiamonds.,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 345–349, 2010.
[63]M. F. Weng, B. J. Chang, S. Y. Chiang, N. S. Wang, and H. Niu, “Cellular uptake and phototoxicity of surface-modified fluorescent nanodiamonds,” Diam. Relat. Mater., vol. 22, pp. 96–104, 2012.
[64]K. K. Liu, C. C. Wang, C. L. Cheng, and J. I. Chao, “Endocytic carboxylated nanodiamond for the labeling and tracking of cell division and differentiation in cancer and stem cells,” Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 26, pp. 4249–4259, 2009.
[65]H. Garcı, “Fenton-Treated Functionalized Diamond,” vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 65–74, 2010.
[66]Y. K. Tzeng, O. Faklaris, B. M. Chang, Y. Kuo, J. H. Hsu, and H. C. Chang, “Superresolution imaging of albumin-conjugated fluorescent nanodiamonds in cells by stimulated emission depletion,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2262–2265, 2011.
[67]Z. Yu, M. Yu, Z. Zhang, G. Hong, and Q. Xiong, “Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles as controlled release carrier for local drug delivery to the inner ear,” Nanoscale Res. Lett., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 343, 2014.
[68]L.-J. Su, C.-Y. Fang, Y.-T. Chang, K.-M. Chen, Y.-C. Yu, J.-H. Hsu, and H.-C. Chang, “Creation of high density ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in nitrogen-rich type Ib nanodiamonds.,” Nanotechnology, vol. 24, no. 31, p. 315702, 2013.
[69]M. Brown and C. Wittwer, “Flow cytometry: Principles and clinical applications in hematology,” Clin. Chem., vol. 46, no. 8 II, pp. 1221–1229, 2000.