顯示科技(Display Image Technology)的研究發展，主要來自於人類對於視覺感受的追求，其中，電子紙顯示器具有輕便可攜帶性，保留人類對於傳統紙張的習慣，並且同時滿足人類對於顯示訊息的需求，因此許多技術都已被開發並且實現電子紙顯示器。
本研究利用粒子串式顯示技術開發並製備顯示裝置，分別以電場電泳技術及磁場磁泳技術驅動電/磁流變液中粒子排列行為，探討不同的材料透過結合後形成複合粒子所產生的電流變與磁流變行為：
(1) 電流變操控二氧化矽/金奈米粒子微奈米球粒子之電場極化現象
利用二氧化矽微米球粒子(SiMPs)與金奈米粒子(AuNPs)製備成具有核殼結構之微奈米球粒子。利用具有雙硫醇官能基結構之交聯劑(Cross-linking Agent，CLA)，透過層接層(Layer-by-Layer)交聯過程，將不同層厚之低介電常數AuNPs固定於高介電常數SiMPs粒子之表面，藉此調控微米球粒子表面的介電性質。從穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)以及掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)影像中，可以觀察到SiMPs@AuNPs複合粒子為類似芝麻顆粒分布於球體表面之結構與形貌。另外，我們設計夾層結構顯示裝置(Sandwich-like Structured Displays，SSDs)，將SiMPs@AuNPs粒子水溶液封裝於夾層之中。透過施加交變電場頻率，探討其SiMPs@AuNPs粒子分散液之電流變性質(Electrorheological)，並且觀察電場響應穿透率之變化。核殼結構複合材料於電場之中，其有效介電常數(Permittivity)可以透過Clausius−Mossotti理論公式之實部值(ε’)與虛部值(ε”)以及介電損耗值(Dielectric Loss，tanδ)進行計算與預測。
(2) 磁流變操控鐵磁流體之磁場極化現象
透過化學共沉澱法(Coprecipitation，CPT)合成四氧化三鐵奈米粒子(Fe3O4 Nanoparticles，FeNPs)並以不同濃度分散於水溶液中而製備鐵磁流體(Ferrofluids)，填充至具有夾層結構的顯示裝置中(Sandwich-like Structured Panels，SSPs)，並放置於交變磁場(Alternating Magnetic Field，AMF)下，透過穿透率量測來評估FeNPs的磁流變行為(Magnetorheological)。在磁場下，FeNPs受到磁場誘導極化，產生粒子成串現象，進而改變SSPs中的穿透率，其響應時間約1秒。當SSPs(8.26 wt% FeNPs)被施加特定AMF磁場(700Hz和87.5gauss)，穿透率從1.3 %提高到83.0 %。另外，利用磁場屏蔽材料(Magnetic Shielding Materials)金屬平板並以高能量雷射蝕刻出“NTUST”中空字母，施加磁場，使其產生圖案化(Pattern)磁場分佈的效果。將SSPs放置在上方，FeNPs在圖案化區域，受磁場極化排列成串，呈現亮態；而在實心區域，FeNPs則維持著在隨機分散的現象，呈現暗態。由於在SSPs中的高對比率，可以觀察到呈現“NTUST”的字母。此外，FeNPs之有效介磁常數(Magnetic Permeability)可以利用Clausius–Mossotti理論公式，在磁場下計算實部值(μ’)和虛部值(μ”)以及正切損耗值(Loss Tangent，tanδ)，進而探討鐵磁流體在AMF磁場下的磁流變行為。

(3) 磁流變操控二氧化矽/鐵奈米粒子微奈米球粒子之磁場極化現象
利用SiMPs與FeNPs製備具有磁感性質(Magneto-response)的核殼結構(Core-shell)之微奈米球粒子。使用雙硫醇官能基結構之交聯劑，透過層接層(LbL)交聯技術，將FeNPs以不同層數之厚度固定於SiMPs粒子之表面。透過穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)與掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)鑑定複合粒子之核殼結構。將複合粒子分散於水溶液中並填充至具有夾層結構以及電磁線圈的顯示裝置(Solenoid Coiled Transparent Displays，SCTDs)之內，進而觀察其在靜磁場(Static Magnetic Field，SMF)以及交變磁場(AMF)下，透過磁感可逆反應所產生之穿透率變化。當FeNPs粒子固定交聯在SiMPs粒子之表面，並施加AMF磁場(940 Hz，87.5 gauss)，出現明顯粒子成串行為，穿透率由10.2%提升至76.1%。透過裝載碲化鎘量子點(CdTe)形成核-殼-衛結構螢光性/磁性複合粒子，使SCTDs裝置在AMF磁場切換下，呈現出紅色螢光色彩。利用雷射共軛焦掃描顯微鏡(CLSM)來觀察鑑定複合粒子成串之現象。複合粒子在AMF磁場下之有效介磁常數(Magnetic Permeability)，可以透過Clausius–Mossotti理論公式之實部值(μ’)和虛部值(μ”)來進行計算，並評估正切損耗值(Loss Tangent，tanδ)，藉此獲得SiMPs@FeNPs粒子之最佳磁感操控參數。

In this thesis, we prepared the core/shell composited particles with electro- or magnetic-response, dispersing in the suspensions as the display media. The sandwich-like structured device were fabricated and encapsulated with these electrorheological or magnetorheological fluid. Employing the particle-chains displays technique to realize the displays. This thesis divided into three parts:
(1) Electrorheological Operation of SiMPs@AuNPs as Display Media:
In this study, we synthesized core/shell structures comprising monodisperse 3-μm SiO2 microspheres and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, ca. 6.7 nm) as the core and shell components, respectively. Using a layer-by-layer cross-linking process with a dithiol cross-linking agent, we prepared low-permittivity AuNPs-encapsulated high-permittivity SiO2 core/shell microspheres with variable AuNPs shell thicknesses. The dispersivity of the microspheres in solution was enhanced after grafting poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether thiol (PEG-SH) onto the AuNPs layer on the SiO2 microspheres. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed sesame ball-like structures for these SiO2@AuNPs@PEG microspheres. We encapsulated aqueous dispersions of these SiO2@AuNPs microspheres into sandwich structured displays (SSDs) to investigate their electrorheological properties, observing reversibly electroresponsive transmittance that is ideally suited for display applications. Increasing the thickness of the AuNPs layer dramatically enhanced the stringing behavior of the SiO2 microspheres, resulting in increased transmittance of the SSDs. The response time of the electroresponsive electrorheological fluids also decreased significantly after modifying the SiO2 with the AuNPs layers. The effective permittivities of these composites could be predicted from the real (ε’) and imaginary (ε’’) parts of the Clausius−Mossotti formalism.
(2) Magnetorheological Operation of Ferrofluids as Display Media:
In this study, we synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FeNPs, ca. 13.5 nm) that we dispersed in aqueous solutions at various concentrations to generate ferrofluids. After encapsulating these ferrofluids in a sandwich-like structured panels (SSPs), we evaluated the magnetorheological behavior of the FeNPs through measurements of their transmittance. Under an alternating magnetic field (AMF), the FeNPs assembled into particle chains, resulting in significant changes in the transmittance of the SSPs within a response time less than 1 s. The transmittance of the SSPs encapsulating the 8.26 wt% ferrofluid changed significantly from 1.3 to 83% under an AMF having a field strength of 87.5 gauss at a frequency of 700 Hz. Moreover, when we exploited an iron plate, featuring hollowed-out letters “NTUST,” as a magnetic shielding material, we generated a patterned AMF with open and closed zones, respectively. The FeNPs in the SSPs assembled as particle chains behind the open zone, resulting in a transparent state, while the FeNPs remained well dispersed behind the closed zone, resulting in an opaque state. The letters “NTUST” were readily recognizable because of the high contrast between the transparent and opaque states. In addition, we calculated the effective magnetic susceptibilities of the ferrofluid, including their real parts (μ’, in phase) and imaginary parts (μ’’, out of phase), and their loss tangents (tanδ), according to the Clausius–Mossotti formalism in magnetism. These parameters were consistent with the mechanisms of magnetorheology for ferrofluids under the optimal manipulation conditions.
(3) Magnetorheological Operation of SiMPs@FeNPs as Display Media:
In this study, we prepared magnetic core-shell structured composites utilizing monodisperse SiO2 microspheres (SiMPs) with uniform particle size 3 μm, and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) as the core material, and shell layer, respectively. We coated the magnetic FeNPs onto the SiMPs (core) to form FeNPs multi-layers by employing the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique with a cross-linking agent (CLA). The core-shell structured was conformed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A transparent displays with solenoid coils (SCTDs), encapsulated the aqueous suspension of these multi-functions composites to observe reversible magneto-responsive transmittance. Increasing the FeNPs shell to five layers of the composite particles achieved the optimal particle stringing behavior under applying an alternating magnetic field, leading to the significant change in transmittance of the SCTDs that could be manipulated between 10.2 and 76.1% reversibly. Response time of the aqueous suspension of these composites decreased gradually after assembling the FeNPs layers. After loading the CdTe QDs, the core-shell-satellite structure of SiMPs@FeNPs@SiO2@CdTe were obtained. The SCTDs encapsulated these composites to show the fluorescent red color between AMF OFF/ON. The particle stringing behavior was observed by the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The effective magnetic permittivity of these core-shell structured composites could be estimated by using the real (μ’) and imaginary (μ’’) parts of the Clausius–Mossotti formalism of magnetism to obtain the optimal operation parameters.
Such composites exhibiting efficient linear microsphere stringing behavior are attractive for display applications. We suspect that these approaches offer a technology for the feasible realization of displays.

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