隨著世界人口的遽增，人們對於建築和基礎設施活動的日常需求也隨之增加。由於
混凝土具有可用範圍廣泛、耐用性高、成本低廉及可塑性高等特性，混凝土已然成為十
分具有前景的建築材料。然而，由於繁多的基礎設施需求，水泥利用率與生產也與日俱
增，從而導致了不可忽略的環境問題。因此，減少水泥生產過程中所產生的人為二氧化
碳及相關環境問題等已然成為當前的研究重點。目前已有部分工業廢棄物已被證實並視
為卜作嵐材料使用於水泥混和物。來自燃煤電廠的排煙脫硫石膏(FGD)廢料、燃煤後產
生的 F級飛灰(FFA)及生產乙炔時產生的副產品電石碴(CCR)等已被研究作為鹼激發材料
(AAM)。
將水淬高爐爐石粉(GGBFS)加入至混合物中可提高材料性能並加快反應過程。第一
項研究是設定 CCR 含量為 10 至 20 wt% 及 FGD 石膏含量為 0 至 20 wt% ，並觀察其效
果，獲得 CCR 與 FGD 的最佳含量後，將其作為混合物添加 GGBFS 取代 FFA 之效果參
照。新拌性質、物理性能和微觀結構分析等相關資訊已透過許多試驗獲得，例如流度、
凝結時間、抗壓強度、熱傳導率、超音波試驗 (UPV)、乾燥收縮率、電子掃描顯微鏡
(SEM) 和 X 射線衍射 (XRD)。所有不同代碼之試體至少包含三個樣本。所有試驗都以
OPC 0.4 作為控制組並進行結果比較。
將 CCR 作為混合物之激發劑有助於激發膠結材與卜作嵐反應。據觀察，膠結材與
CCR 反應之產物為 C-S-H 膠體、C-A-H 膠體與 C-A-S-H 膠體。但 CCR 與 FFA 反應後之
28 天試體抗壓強度偏低，介於 0.729 至 1.643 MP 之間。混合物中的 FGD 石膏有助於與
膠結材中的 Al2O3 化合物反應並生成鈣礬石。藉由 28 天之抗壓強度從 1.643 MPa 增加至
24.758 MPa 以及 XRD 結果中石英波峰的降低可知，添加 FGD 石膏有助於抗壓強度的提
升並破壞 FFA 的晶相。相較之下，AAM 之抗壓強度增量明顯大於控制組。控制組於 7
ii
天至 56 天之抗壓強度增量為 4.206 MPa，而含有 10wt% FFA 與 60wt% GGBFS 之試體的
7 天至 56 天抗壓強度增量為 12.527 MPa。強度增量可視為更具潛力發展晚期強度。與
OPC 相比，本研究中的 AAM 試樣在早期時具有非常高的乾燥收縮量，然而在 56 天齡
期時，所有 AAM 試樣的乾燥收縮量介於 1% 至 26% ，均低於控制組。加入 GGBFS 有
助於提高抗壓強度，並改善混合物的凝結時間和流度。相較於控制組(OPC 0.4)，抗壓強
度提高 3%、熱導率降低 3% 為其最佳 AAM 配比

The upsurge in worldwide population and hence increased daily requirements sequel the
construction and infrastructural activities. Concrete, due to its easy availability, durability, cost
effectiveness and easy workability has emerged as a promising construction material. Heavy
infrastructural requirements and hence increased cement utilization upshot the production and,
hence generated environmental concerns. Reducing the global anthropogenic CO2 generating
from cement production, reducing the environmental concerns to satisfy the construction needs
have been the aim of current research.
The use of industrial wastes categorized as pozzolanic materials beneficial in cement like
mixture production has been identified and used. The flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum
waste from coal-fired power plants, class F fly ash (FFA) generated as waste after combustion
of pulverized coal and calcium carbide residue (CCR) being the by-product of acetylene gas
manufacturing to be used as alkali-activated material (AAM) have been investigated. Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) was later introduced to the mix aiming to increase the
material properties and to speed up the reaction process. The first investigation was carried out
by observing the effect of CCR ranging from 10 to 20 wt%, and FGD gypsum ranging from 0
to 20 wt%. After knowing the optimum content of CCR and FGD, these values were used to
identify the effect of adding GGBFS to replace FFA as binder in the mixture. Several tests had
been performed to obtain the information about the fresh-state properties, physical
performances, and microstructural analysis such as flowability, setting time, compressive
strength, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), drying shrinkage, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All of the testing with different
mixture codes consists of at least 3 specimens. All of the research results are compared to OPC
0.4, as the control specimen.
iv
The CCR in the mixture acts as the activator, which helps activate the binder and initiate the
pozzolanic reaction. The products of the reaction between binder and CCR are observed as
calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), calcium aluminate hydrate (C-A-H), and calcium alumina
silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H). But the compressive strength of specimen through the result of the
reaction between CCR and FFA was considered low, ranging from 0.729 to 1.643 MPa at the
age of 28 days. The FGD gypsum in the mixture aids react with the Al2O3 compound in the
binder and produces ettringite. The addition of FGD gypsum helps increase the compressive
strength value and also breaks the crystalline phases of FFA, evidenced by the increasing of
compressive strength from 1.643 to 24.758 MPa at 28 days, and also the decreasing peak of
quartz in the XRD result. The compressive strength gain of AAM is considered better too
compared to that of the control specimen. The control specimen only had a compressive strength
gain of 4.206 MPa from the ages of 7 to 56 days, however the compressive strength of the
specimen with 10wt% of FFA and 60wt% of GGBFS increased by 12.527 MPa from the age of
7 to 56 days. The strength gain indicates the better potential in compressive strength at later
ages. AAM specimens in this research had a very high drying shrinkage value at a young age
compared to that of the OPC, however at the age of 56 days, all the AAM specimens had a
lower drying shrinkage value of 1 to 26% compared to that of the control specimen. Introducing
GGBFS helped greatly escalate the compressive strength and also improve the setting time and
flowability of the mix. The values of 3% higher of compressive strength, and of 3% lower of
thermal conductivity compared to those of the control specimen (OPC 0.4) were noted for the
most optimal mix of AAM produced.

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