Because of limited knowledge on subsurface soil conditions and experience on deep excavation analysis in Jakarta, this study aimed to establish the key geotechnical properties and numerical models for modeling deep excavation in Jakarta. The first part of research work was to determine the geological conditions and compile subsurface soil information in Jakarta from previous literature and report. Because soft soil (typically SPT N<4) from 0-15 m below ground surface is commonly found in Jakarta area, potential engineering problems caused by soft soil and the relevant soil properties (e.g., OCR, Su and Eu) were identified. The other geotechnical problems and nature hazards in Jakarta such as land subsidence, flood, and earthquake were also discussed. The Second part of research work was to carry out 2D and 3D finite element analyses for modeling deep excavation of Bundaran HI MRT station in central Jakarta. The FE results were also compared with the RIDO results. A series of parametric studies was conducted to evaluate the influence of soil constitutive model (i.e., Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil models), drainage conditions (i.e., total or effective stress analysis) and input parameters (i.e., soil and diaphragm wall stiffness and soil-structure interface property) on the numerical results in particular for diaphragm wall deformation and ground settlement. In 2D FE analyses, the numerical results showed that the maximum wall deformation at final excavation stage was around 0.27% (right wall) and 0.37% (left wall) of excavation depth and located at the top of the wall. The ground settlement was spandrel type and the ratio of horizontal movement and vertical movement was larger than 1.0. In 3D FE analyses, the numerical results showed that the corner effect existed within a distance of 30 m from the corner of excavation. The ground surface settlement at the corner of excavation was around 20%-40% of the ground settlement at center of excavation. The stress paths in 2D and 3D analyses were investigated and the results showed the stress states of soil elements highly depended on their locations, construction sequences and support system applied in the excavation. Last, based on the numerical results, the evaluation of adjacent building damage and suggestions for building protection measures were discussed.

Because of limited knowledge on subsurface soil conditions and experience on deep excavation analysis in Jakarta, this study aimed to establish the key geotechnical properties and numerical models for modeling deep excavation in Jakarta. The first part of research work was to determine the geological conditions and compile subsurface soil information in Jakarta from previous literature and report. Because soft soil (typically SPT N<4) from 0-15 m below ground surface is commonly found in Jakarta area, potential engineering problems caused by soft soil and the relevant soil properties (e.g., OCR, Su and Eu) were identified. The other geotechnical problems and nature hazards in Jakarta such as land subsidence, flood, and earthquake were also discussed. The Second part of research work was to carry out 2D and 3D finite element analyses for modeling deep excavation of Bundaran HI MRT station in central Jakarta. The FE results were also compared with the RIDO results. A series of parametric studies was conducted to evaluate the influence of soil constitutive model (i.e., Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil models), drainage conditions (i.e., total or effective stress analysis) and input parameters (i.e., soil and diaphragm wall stiffness and soil-structure interface property) on the numerical results in particular for diaphragm wall deformation and ground settlement. In 2D FE analyses, the numerical results showed that the maximum wall deformation at final excavation stage was around 0.27% (right wall) and 0.37% (left wall) of excavation depth and located at the top of the wall. The ground settlement was spandrel type and the ratio of horizontal movement and vertical movement was larger than 1.0. In 3D FE analyses, the numerical results showed that the corner effect existed within a distance of 30 m from the corner of excavation. The ground surface settlement at the corner of excavation was around 20%-40% of the ground settlement at center of excavation. The stress paths in 2D and 3D analyses were investigated and the results showed the stress states of soil elements highly depended on their locations, construction sequences and support system applied in the excavation. Last, based on the numerical results, the evaluation of adjacent building damage and suggestions for building protection measures were discussed.

Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Djaja, R., Darmawan, D., & Gamal, M. (2008). Land Subsidence Characteristic of Jakarta between 1997 and 2005, as Estimated Using GPS Surveys. GPS Solit, 12, 23-32.
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Gumilar, I., Fukuda, Y., Pohan, Y. E., & Deguchi, T. (2011). Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its relation with urban development. Nat Hazards, 59, 1753-1771.
Abidin, H. Z., Djaja, R., Darmawan, D., Hadi, S., Akbar, A., Rajiyowiryono, H., . . . Subarya, C. (2001). Land Subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its Geodetic Monitoring System. Natural Hazards, 23, 356-387.
Affandi, D. (2008). Karakteristik Pelapisan Tanah Lunak di Daerah Jakarta. Teknologi Sumber Daya Air, 5(2), 12-20.
Bjerrum, I. (1963). Allowable Settlement of Structures. Paper presented at the European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Weisbaden, Germany.
Boscardin, M. D., & Cording, E. J. (1989). Building Response to Excavation-Induced Settlement. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 115(1), 1-21.
Brinkman, J. J., & Hartman, M. (2008). Jakarta Flood Hazard Mapping Framework.
Chaeng, W. W. (2012). Advanced Geotechnical Finite Element Modeling in Analysis of Underground Construction. Plaxis Semina, TGS NTUST.
Clough, G. W., & O'Rourke, T. D. (1990). Construction-induced Movements of in Situ Walls, Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structure ASCE Special Publication(25), 439-470.
Delinom, R. M. (2008, October 2007). Groundwater Management Issues in the Greater Jakarta Area, Indonesa. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Integrated Watershed Management for Sustainable Water Use in a Humid Tropical Region, Tsukuba.
Final Geotechnical Investigation Report. (2010) (Vol. 1 of 3): The Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Transportation Directorate General of Railways.
Finno, R. J., Blackburn, J. T., & Roboski, J. F. (2007). Three-Dimensional Effects for Supported Excavations in Clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(1), 30-36.
Firmansyah, I. (2011, August 25). Simplified Soil Profiles dan Daya Dukung Fondasi Tiang di Jakarta. Retrieved from irawanfirmansyah.wordpress.com
Firmansyah, I., & Sukamta, D. (2000). Common Practice Basement Construction in Jakarta-Indonesia. ACF Symposium Technical Report, 28-39.
Fuentes, R., & Devriendt, M. (2010). Ground Movements around Corners of Excavations Empirical Calculation Method. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(10), 1414-1424.
Gouw, T.-L. (2011). Soil Stiffness for Jakarta Silty and Clayey Soil. International Forum for Junior in Civil Engineering.
Hadipurwo, S. (1999). Groundwater in: COASTPLAN JAKARTA BAY PROJECT, coastal environmental geology of the Jakarta reclamation project and adjacent areas. CCOP COASTPLAN case study report. (Vol. 2, pp. 39-49). Jakarta/Bangkok.
Halim, D., & Wong, K. S. (2012). Prediction of Frame Structure Damage Resulting from Deep Excavation Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(12), 1530-1536.
Holtz, R. D., & Kovacs, W. D. (1985). An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering: Prentice-Hall.
Hsieh, P. G., & Ou, C. Y. (1998). Shape of Ground Surface Settlement Profiles cause by Excavation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35(6), 1000-1017.
Hsiung, B. C. (2002). Engineering Performance of Deep Excavations in Taipei. Doctor, University of Bristol, Bristol.
Hsiung, B. C. B. (2008). A case study on the behaviour of deep excavation in sand. Computers and Geotechnics, 36, 665-675.
Hsiung, B. C. B., Nash, D. F. T., Chen, C. H., & Hwang, R. N. H. (2002). The use of piling and propping for the protection of buildings beside deep excavations: case studies from Taipei, Taiwan. Paper presented at the IS- TC28 conference, Toulouse, France.
Hsiung, B. C. B., Nash, D. F. T., Cheng, K. H., Huang, C. C., & Hwang, R. N. H. (2001). The effectiveness of jet-grout slabs and cross walls in restricting wall movements in deep excavations. Paper presented at the 14th Southeast Asia Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Hong Kong, China.
Humphrey, D. N. (2003). Strength and Deformation: CRC Press LLC.
Hwang, R. N., Lee, T. Y., Chou, C. R., & Su, T. C. (2012). Evaluation of Performance of Diaphragm Walls by Wall Deflection Paths. Journal of GeoEngineering, 7(1), 001-012.
Irsyam, M., Dangkua, D. T., Hendriyawan, Hoedajanto, D., Hutapea, B., Kertapati, E. K., . . . Petersen, M. D. (2008). Proposed Seismic Hazard Maps of Sumatra and Java Islands and Microzonation Study of Jakarta City, Indonesia. J. Earth Syst. Sci. , 117, S2, 865-878.
Jakarta MRT official website. from www.jakartamrt.com
Jusuf, W. S. (2013). Paint it brown, from www.thejakartapost.com
JWRMS. (1994a). Jabotabek Water Resources Management Study Final Report Groundwater Models (Vol. 6). Indonesia: Ministry of Public Works, Directorate of Water Resources Development.
Ladd, C. C., & Foott, R. (1974). New Design Procedure for Stability of Soft Clays. Journal of Geotecnical Engineering Division, 100(GT7), 763-787.
Lambe, T. W. (1970). Braced Excavation. Paper presented at the SCE Specialty Conference on Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Desgin of Earth Retaining Structures, Ithaca, New York.
Lim, A., Ou, C. Y., & Hsieh, P. G. (2010). Evaluation of Clay Constitutive Models for Analysis of Deep Excavation Under Undrained Conditions. Journal of GeoEngineering, 5, 9-22.
Lu, Y., Tan, Y., Peng, F., & Liao, S. (2012). FE Simulation of Deep Excavations in Sensitive Soft Clays GeoCongress 2012 (pp. 750-759): American Society of Civil Engineers.
Lubis, R. F., Sakura, Y., & Delinom, R. (2008). Groundwater recharge and discharge processes in the Jakarta groundwater basin. Hydrogeology Journal, 16, 927–938.
Maathuis, H., & Yong, R. N. (1994). Development of groundwater management strategies in the coastal region of Jakarta Year II Report (1993). Jakarta, Indonesia.
Makarim, C. A. (2005). Amblasan, Penurunan (Settlementent), dan Kegalalan konstruksi di Jakarta, presentation file.
Murdohardono, D., & Tirtomihardjo, H. (1993, 6–9 December). Penurunan tanah di Jakarta dan rencana pemantauannya Paper presented at the The 22nd Annual Convention of the Indonesian Association of Geologists, Bandung.
Ng, C. (1999). Stress Paths in Relation to Deep Excavations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(5), 357-363.
Nikolinakou, M. A., Whittle, A. J., Savidis, S., & Schran, U. (2011). Prediction and Intepretation of the Performance of a Deep Excavation in Berlin Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(11), 1047-1061.
The official website of Geospasial : Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana Indonesia. (2013), from geospasial.bnpb.go.id
Ou, C. Y. (2006). Deep Excavation : Theory and Practice. Taipei: Taylor & Francis.
Ou, C. Y., Chiou, D. C., & Wu, T. S. (1996). Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Deep Excavations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122(5), 337-346.
Ou, C. Y., Hsieh, P. G., & Chiou, D. C. (1993). Characteristics of Ground Surface Settlement During Excavation. Can. Geotech, J. , 30, 758-767.
Rachmadi. (2012). Tunnel for Jakarta MRT Project presentation file. Paper presented at the Workshop Teknologi Jembatan dan Terowongan, Bandung.
Rankin, W. J. (1988). Ground movements resulting from urban tunnelling: Predictions and effects : Engineering geology of underground movements. Engineering Geology Special Publication (5).
Rimbaban, S. P. (1999). Geomorphology in : Coastplan Jakarta Bay Project, coastal environmental geology of the Jakarta reclamanation project and adjecent areas. CCOP COASTPLAN case study report (pp. 21-25).
Rismianto, D., & Mak, W. (1993, 6-9 December). Environmental aspect of groundwater extraction in DKI Jakarta : Cangging Views. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Convention of the Indonesia Association of Geologists, Bandung.
Sindhu, R. (2011). Site-Specific Seismic Analyses for Deep Stiff Clay: Jakarta Site, Indonesia Geo-Frontiers 2011 (pp. 1795-1803): American Society of Civil Engineers.
Soehaimi, A. (2009). Potential Earthquake Hazard Microzonations of the Jakarta City. JSDG, 19(2), 139-150.
Son, M., & Cording, E. J. (2005). Estimation of Building Damage Due to Excavation Induced Ground Settlement. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(2).
Sukamta, D. (2010). Design Top-Down Construction of the 48-Storey Plaza Indonesia Extension. Paper presented at the The 5th Civil Engineering Conference in The Asian Region and Australasian Structural Engineering Conference 2010, Sydney
Wahls, H. E. (1981). Tolerable Settlement of Building. Journal of Geotechnical Division, 107(11), 1489-1504.
Waterman, D. (2006a). PLAXIS 2D-Version 8. Netherlands: PLAXIS bv.
Waterman, D. (2006b). PLAXIS Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analysis : Structural elements in PLAXIS, PLAXIS BV, Presentation File.
webadmin. (2013). 33,502 Jakartans Displaced, 20 Dead in Flooding : BNPB. Retrieved from www.jakartaglobe.com
Wu, C. H., Ou, C. Y., & Tung, N. (2010). Corner Effetcs in Deep Excavations-Establishment of a Forecast Model for Taipei Basin T2 Zone. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18(1), 1-11.
Yen, D. L., & Chang, G. S. (1991). A Study of Allowable Settlement of Buildings. Sino-Geotechnics(22), 5-27.
Yong, R. N., Turcott, E., & Maathuis, H. (1995). Ground water abstraction-induced land subsidence prediction: Bangkok and Jakarta case studies. Paper presented at the The Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, The Hauge.