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研究生： 楊丕基
Pi-Gi Yang
論文名稱： 應用於行動通訊系統中多重頻段天線量測
Multi Band Antenna Measurement for Mobile Communication System Application
指導教授： 黃進芳
Jhin-Fang Huang
徐敬文
Ching-Wen Hsue
口試委員: 張勝良
Sheng-Lyang Jang
陳國龍
none
溫俊瑜
none
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電資學院 - 電子工程系
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering
論文出版年： 2015
畢業學年度： 103
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 158
中文關鍵詞： 行動通訊系統 、多重頻段天線量測
外文關鍵詞： Multi Band Antenna Measurement, Mobile Communication System
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  •  上一筆

    • 近年以來, 行動裝置已經快速的發展與普及, 由原本傳統的通話功能系統GSM, CDMA, 漸漸轉換為以網路功能為主的3G系統: WCDMA, CDMA2000等, 包含現今還在發展中的4G 快速網路系統LTE, TD-LTE也是. 行動裝置中¸ 尤其是智慧型手機部分, 它們的功能演變的越來越複雜, 體積變得越來越小, 很多行動裝置的研發時程甚至變得更短. 這些行動裝置或智慧型手機當中的RF射頻系統, 包含有手機通訊的2G, 3G甚至4G系統, GPS全球定位系統, WiFi無線網路系統, 藍芽和NFC近端通訊系統…等等. 每當越多的RF射頻系統被加入到行動裝置中, 這意味著越多的RF系統天線也要被設計到行動裝置當中, 也將有越多的挑戰要被面對.
    本論文試著探討與介紹這些複雜行動裝置上時常遇到的設計問題, 瓶頸, 或解決方法, 由天線基本原理, 天線量測規格, 天線常用檢測標準OTA, 天線工具, 面臨的挑戰等, 最後, 提供天線設計範例, 並適時介紹如何避免天線相關設計時的缺點與一些取捨方法.

    Since the mobile devices has been developed very quickly and popularly from 2G system (like GSM, CDMA), 3G system (WCDMA, CDMA200), and nowadays 4G system (LTE, TD-LTE), the mobile devices especially smart phones become more and more complex and small. The RF systems inside of the mobile device becomes more compact and more complex, even the developing schedules of these products become tight, a lots of RF system has been built into the system: cell phone system like 2G, 3G, even 4G, GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, and NFC. The more RF systems inside of the mobile devices, the more RF antennas need to be put inside, the more challenges we will need to face.
    This thesis tries to study some common issues or solutions for those complex mobile systems, from antenna basic theories, antenna measurement specifications, antenna OTA criteria, antenna types, tools, challenges, and finally design examples of how to avoid disadvantages and using some trade-offs.

    Table of Contents Table of Contents vi List of Figures ix List of Tables xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Aims of the Thesis 3 1.3 Thesis outline 3 Chapter 2 Antenna Basic Theorems 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Current distribution 6 2.3 Radiation pattern 9 2.4 Field regions 10 2.5 Directivity 11 2.6 Gain 12 2.7 Polarization, axial raton 13 2.8 Antenna radiation efficiency 16 2.9 Antenna aperture 17 2.10 Friis transmission equation and radar range equation 19 2.11 Poynting vector, radiation power density 21 Chapter 3 Antenna Practical Applications 22 3.1 Antenna specifications for general implements 22 3.1.1 Antenna specifications for general implements 22 3.1.2 The root cause impact cell phone OTA reception 24 3.1.3 Other Antenna Parameters 26 3.2 Antenna certification basics 27 3.2.1 OTA. – Over-the-Air 27 3.2.2 OTA phantom models general test positions 28 3.2.3 TRP/ TIS OTA criterions example with measurement tables 35 3.2.4 Common antenna 3D anechoic chamber introduction 36 3.3 Antenna specification – circuit part 38 3.3.1 ΓL: reflection coefficient 38 3.3.2 S parameters 39 3.3.3 The definition of antenna input power 42 3.3.4 Impedance bandwidth 43 3.4 Antenna 2D/3D patterns 44 3.4.1 Antenna patterns – 2D/3D 44 3.4.2 Antenna beam width 46 3.5 Basic antenna design guideline and type selection 48 3.6 Maxwell’s equations 49 3.7 Common antenna types 50 3.7.1 Dipole antenna (λ2) 50 3.7.2 Monopole antenna (λ4) 51 3.7.3 Loop antenna (λ2 ~ λ) 52 3.7.4 Patch antenna (λ2) 53 3.7.5 Slot antenna (λ2) 54 3.7.6 Horn antenna (λ2) 56 3.7.7 Helix, Spiral antenna 57 3.7.8 PIFA (Planar Inverted-F antenna) antenna (λ4) 58 Chapter 4 Antenna Test Environment And Criterions 61 4.1 Common simulation tools introductions 61 4.1.1 IE3D 61 4.1.2 HFSS (high frequency structural simulator) 63 4.1.3 XFdtd: 3D Electromagnetic Simulation Software 64 4.2 Common antenna element materials 66 4.2.1 PCB (mostly FR-4) 66 4.2.2 Metal plate: Stamping, w/wo holder 67 4.2.3 FPC (Flexible Print Circuit) 68 4.2.4 LDS: Laser Direct Structuring 68 4.3 RF cable specification 69 4.4 Antenna Lab. Test environment and setup 71 4.5 Antenna skus specifications 76 4.6 Antenna design work flow / requirement 89 4.7 Antenna placement 90 4.8 Antenna RF noise 97 4.9 An example placement of Wi-Fi Multi-Band Antenna Integration for Desktop and AIO (All-in-One) System 101 4.10 Antenna performance of a system 110 4.11 LTE module specifications 111 4.12 An LTE Antenna Design example 113 Chapter 5 Multi-Band Antenna Study For Mobile Applications 119 5.1 LTE antenna design 119 5.2 WLAN/WiMAX antenna design 126 5.3 Full metal NB cover 129 5.4 Special applications 132 Chapter 6 Conclusions 136 6.1 Antenna measurement purpose 136 6.2 Conclusions 136 6.3 Future works 137 References 138

    References
    [1] Constantine A. Balanis, “Antenna theory analysis and design, 3rd edition, 2005”, Wiley-Interscience, pp. 27-251, April 4, 2005.
    [2] John L. Volakis, “Antenna engineer handbook, 4th edition, 2007”, McGraw-Hill Education, pp.4-3 ~8-14, June 28, 2007.
    [3] CTIA-The Wireless Association,”Test Plan for Wireless Device Over-the-Air Performance, Method of Measurement for Radiated RF Power and Receiver Performance, Revision 3.4”, pp.39-217, Revision 3.4, Dec. 2014.
    [4] CTIA-The Wireless Association,”Test Plan for Wireless Device Overthe-Air Performance, Method of Measurement for Radiated RF Power and Receiver Performance, Revision 3.3.2”, pp.35-215, Revision 3.3.2, Sep. 2014.
    [5] The Microwave vision group, “ Antenna, RCS, Radome and EMC measurement system” SATiMO chamber. pp. 1-24.
    [6] Class seminar part-1 Antenna basics final, Shih-Yuan Chen, pp1-77, Sep.18th,2013.
    [7] Nearfield system Inc., “Antenna measurement solution” pp.1-12.
    [8] Walsin, PSA(Passive Ayatem Alliance),” Antenna production introduction”,pp.1-9.
    [9] Evan Han,“CTIA OTA头手模型规范详析及发展趋势分析”, Auden Techno group, pp.1-15, 2014.06.
    [10] Sam Chuang, ”CTIA OTA revision 3.0, 2009.10.29”, pp.1-34, A Test Lab techno corp.
    [11] Jim Wu, “CTIA OTA v3.1 LTE SISO OTA, NA carrier’s requirement, Feb. 2012”, ADT (BV: Bureau Veritas) Lab. pp.1-37.
    [12] Rohde & Schwarz “Test system for OTA measurements on wireless devices according to CTIA 2.2 & RF test plan ver 1.1”, Rohde & Schwarz, pp.1-28.
    [13] Antenna theory, available at http://www.antenna-theory.com.
    [14] Chih-Hua Chang, ” CTIA OTA Test Plan v3.1 (OTA測試規範更新) ”Antenna 49 Blog, Apr.20, 2011, available at: https://sites.google.com/site/changch1011/ my-blog/CTIA-OTA-v31.
    [15] Wen Lai, Wireless design guideline ,Toshiba.
    [16] XFdtd® “EM Simulation Software 3D Electromagnetic Simulation Software available at: “http://www.remcom.com/xf7-latest-enhancements/”.
    [17] ANSYS HFSS Features, available at: “http://www.ansys.com/Products/ Simulation Technology/Electronics/Signal Integrity/ ANSYS+HFSS/Features”.
    [18] Reflection coefficient, WIKIPEDIA, available at: “https://en.wikipedia.org/?title= Reflection_coefficient”.
    [19] Viet-Anh Nguyen, Rashid-Ahmad Bhatti, and Seong-Ook Park,” A Simple PIFA-Based Tunable Internal Antenna for Personal Communication Handsets”, IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, 2008.
    [20] Lev Pazin, Nikolay Telzhensky, and Yehuda Leviatan,” Multiband Flat-Plate Inverted-F Antenna for Wi-Fi/WiMAX Operation”, IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, 2008.
    [21] Y.Belhadef, N. Boukli Hacene,” Pifas Antennas Design For Mobile Communications”, 2011 7th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WOSSPA).
    [22] Ming Zheng, Senior Member, IEEE, Hanyang Wang, and Yang Hao,” Internal Hexa-Band Folded Monopole/Dipole/Loop Antenna With Four Resonances for Mobile Device”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 6, June 2012.
    [23] Wen-Jiao Liao, Chen-Yu Hsieh, Bang-Yun Dai, and Bo-Ren Hsiao,” Inverted-F/Slot Integrated Dual-Band Four-Antenna System for WLAN Access Points”, IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 14, 2015.
    [24] Y. F. Cao, S. W. Cheung, and T. I. Yuk,” A Multiband Slot Antenna for GPS/WiMAX/WLAN Systems”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 3, March 2015.
    [25] S. A. A. Shah', M. F. Khan2, S. Ullah3 and J. A. Flint4,” Design of a Multi-Band Frequency Reconfigurable Planar Monopole Antenna Using Truncated Ground Plane for Wi-Fi, WLAN and Wi MAX Applications”, 20 I 4 International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies (ICOSST).
    [26] Constantine A. Balanis, “Antenna theory analysis and design, 3rd edition, 2005”, Wiley-Interscience, figure 1.1, 1.15,1.16,2.1,2.4,2.8,2.23,2.30,2.31,2.32,4.11,5.5,5, 5.7,14.1,13.1,13.2, April 4, 2005.
    [27] John L. Volakis, “Antenna engineer handbook, 4th edition, 2007”, McGraw-Hill Education, figure1.10, June 28, 2007.
    [28] CTIA-The Wireless Association,”Test Plan for Wireless Device Over-the-Air Performance, Method of Measurement for Radiated RF Power and Receiver Performance, Revision 3.4”, A-7, A-1,A-5, Revision 3.4, Dec. 2014.
    [29] Jim Wu, “CTIA OTA v3.1 LTE SISO OTA, NA carrier’s requirement, Feb. 2012”, ADT (BV: Bureau Veritas) Lab. pp.6.
    [30] Evan Han,“CTIA OTA头手模型规范详析及发展趋势分析”, Auden Techno group, figure 5, 6, 10, 2014.06.
    [31] Nearfield system Inc., “Antenna measurement solution” pp.6.
    [32] The Microwave vision group, “ Antenna, RCS, Radome and EMC measurement system” SATiMO chamber. pp.8.
    [33] Class seminar part-1 Antenna basics final, Shih-Yuan Chen, pp.27, Sep.18th,2013.
    [34] Monopole antenna available at “http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103065/modules/ chap7/slides/slide34.htm”.
    [35] Patch antenna 3D pattern available at “http://www.antennamagus.com/database/ antennas/ antenna_page.php?id=149”.
    [36] Slot antenna 2D pattern available at “https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/ fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-20-6-6521&id=229754”.
    [37] Helix antenna structure available at “http://www.everythingrf.com/rf-calculators /helical- antenna-design”.
    [38] PCB spiral antenna available at” http://faculty.utpa.edu/hfoltz/papers.htm”
    [39] Common PIFA antenna form available at” http://www.slideshare.net/YongHeuiCho /antennas-for-cellphones”.
    [40] Basic PIFA antenna type available at” http://www.qsl.net/va3iul/Antenna/Printed_ and_Microstrip_Antennas/ Dual-Band_PIFA_Antenna_900MHz_1.8GHz.gif”.
    [41] HFSS software information available at “http://www.ansys.com/Products /Simulation+Technology/Electronics/Signal+Integrity/ANSYS+HFSS/Features”.
    [42] XFdtd software information available at “http://www.remcom.com/xf7”.
    [43] PCB antenna picture available at “http://www.mike-stirling.com/2013/03/antenna- measurements- part-1/”.
    [44] FPC antenna picture available at “http://www.huanyupcb.com/type.php?typeid =11”.
    [45] LDS antenna picture available at “http://www.speed-hz.com/en/products/show /?6-15.html”.
    [46] Antenna field region, near field measurement available at “http://www.ihf.uni -stuttgart.de/ forschung/forschungsgebiete/nahfeld/index.html”.
    [47] Polarization picture available at “http://www.air-stream.org.au/technical-references /antenna-polarisation, Polarisation”.
    [48] PIFA 3D pattern picture available at “http://www.raymaps.com/index.php/tag/ antenna/”.
    [49] Metal plate stamping antenna picture available at “http://www.alibaba.com/mobile -antenna-parts-promotion.html”.

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