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研究生: 吳柏毅
Po-yi Wu
論文名稱: 整合小波轉換與Förstner特徵運算元的行人檢出
Wavelet Transform and Förstner Interest Operator Integrated Pedestrian Detection
指導教授: 許新添
Hsin-teng Hsu
口試委員: 陳志明
Chih-ming Chen
陳建中
Jiann-jone Chen
吳明芳
Ming-fang Wu
胡武誌
Wu-chih Hu
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電資學院 - 電機工程系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 110
中文關鍵詞: 行人檢出小波轉換Förstner特徵運算元
外文關鍵詞: pedestrian detection, wavelet transform, Förstner interest operator
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影像處理技術在諸多科技應用中扮演舉足輕重的角色,與「安全」相關的應用是近幾年影像處理很重要的研究方向,「行人檢出」為其中甚為重要的一環。早期多以擷取動態影像並利用其與背景影像之差異檢出行人,之後的研究以背景模型取代背景影像以增加行人檢出率。近期研究則以行人輪廓為基礎進行檢出,具有不需擷取動態影像、檢出範圍不侷限固定場景及可直接區分場景中行人與其他物體等優點。
  利用小波轉換多解析度的特性以及Haar函數頗佳的運算效率,擷取行人輪廓並建立小波行人樣板(wavelet pedestrian template)。Förstner特徵運算元(Förstner interest operator)可擷取行人頭部圓形輪廓之圓心。本研究整合小波轉換及Förstner特徵運算元進行行人檢出。經實驗證明,相較於文獻[11]僅以小波轉換及樣板比對所得之52.7%行人檢出率,本方法之檢出率可達65.06%。


Security and monitoring are significant research topics in digital image processing. Among these, pedestrian detection is the crucial part. Over the years, a variety of techniques has been developed for pedestrian detection. Most pedestrian detection systems employed temporal differencing or background subtraction techniques in early years. In the near future, the pedestrian shape-based approach has been proposed to detect pedestrians, which is more convenient and effective since it can discriminate pedestrians from other objects without using image sequence and limited to some specific scenes.
Wavelet transform with Haar function has been employed in getting pedestrian contour to build wavelet pedestrian template because of the multiresolution characteristic and been simple since Förstner interest operator can detect the center of pedestrian’s head. We integrate the wavelet transform and Förstner interest operator in our pedestrian detection system to improve the detection rate up to 65.06% as compared to 52.7% in the literature [11].

英文摘要 I 中文摘要 II 誌 謝 III 目 錄 IV 圖表索引 VI 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景 1 1.2 物體檢出 2 1.3 文獻回顧 3 1.4 論文架構及綱要 8 第二章 動態影像之行人檢出 9 2.1 背景影像更新 10 2.2 背景混成模型 12 2.2.1 高斯混成模型 12 2.2.2 背景混成 14 2.2.3 背景適應性 15 2.2.4 適應性背景混成模型之最佳化 17 2.2.5 行人檢出 18 第三章 小波轉換與行人輪廓 19 3.1 多解析度分析 19 3.2 小波分析 26 3.2.1 一維離散小波轉換與快速小波轉換 30 3.2.1 二維離散小波轉換 33 3.3 Haar離散小波轉換及小波行人樣板 37 第四章 行人特徵點擷取 43 4.1 特徵運算元簡介 44 4.1.1 Moravec運算元 44 4.1.2 Förstner運算元 46 4.1.3 Lue運算元 48 4.1.4 LCF運算元 48 4.1.4 各特徵運算元之比較 49 4.2 Förstner運算元之特徵點擷取 50 4.2.1 梯度 50 4.2.2 Förstner運算元擷取特徵點之基本概念 51 4.2.3 估計角點位置 53 4.2.4 估計圓心位置 57 4.2.5 影像區塊分類及候選特徵點選取 60 4.2.6 選取最佳特徵點 65 4.2.7 Förstner運算元實驗結果 70 第五章 實驗結果 71 5.1 建立小波行人樣板 73 5.1.1 行人分類 73 5.1.2 行人影像濾波之討論 76 5.1.3 小波行人樣板分類之討論 79 5.1.4 小波行人樣板之選取 80 5.2 行人檢出 82 5.2.1 待測影像分類 82 5.2.2 待測影像輪廓擷取 84 5.2.3 利用小波行人樣板之行人檢出 85 5.2.4 行人頭部圓心擷取 87 5.2.5 整合小波行人樣板及行人頭部圓心擷取之行人檢出 88 5.3 實驗結果與討論 89 第六章 結論及未來研究方向 104 6.1 結論 104 6.2 未來研究方向 104 參考文獻 106

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