疫苗接種於控制COVID-19疫情中起著關鍵作用，但也存在著心血管副作用之風險。本研究延續BNT疫苗副作用所做之成果，利用非侵入式脈波測量和頻域分析檢測COVID-19疫苗，評估Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine (mRNA-127)和Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine(AZD1222）接種後對心血管系統之影響。
本研究於251位接受疫苗接種的受試者中使用非侵入式脈波量測，進行為期1分鐘之動脈血壓波形感測和血管光容積感測，並根據受試者之副作用將其分為N組(無副作用)、C組(僅有心臟副作用)、V組(僅有血管副作用)、CV組(有心臟或血管副作用)。
利用40個脈波參數作為分析特徵，本研究使用兩種分類方法：(1)機器學習(ML)分析，使用脈波參數作為指標進行訓練，和本實驗室自主開發之(2)脈波分佈區間分析法。結果顯示接種後脈波特徵呈現明顯變化，這些變化對BPW和PPG頻域有顯著影響。而PDA分析之AUC達到0.76，明顯優於ML方法，且在評分指標上顯示更佳之結果。此外，各種因素均未對分類性能產生明顯之干擾效應。
目前研究結果指出，疫苗可能會引起血管僵硬性變化，導致血管彈性特性產生局部不匹配。本研究之成果有助於快速檢測與疫苗接種後心血管副作用相關之血管特性變化，對於穿戴式脈波量測系統於監測心血管副作用方面提供了新的方向。

Vaccination plays a crucial role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, yet there is a risk of cardiovascular side effects. This study builds upon the findings related to side effects of the BNT vaccine. Non-invasive pulse wave measurements and frequency domain analysis were employed to investigate the cardiovascular impact post-vaccination of the Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine (mRNA-127) and the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (AZD1222).
For this research, non-invasive pulse wave measurements were taken on 251 subjects who received the vaccine, carrying out a 1-minute arterial blood pressure waveform detection and blood vessel photoplethysmography. Based on the side effects experienced by the participants, they were categorized into N group (no side effects), C group (only cardiac side effects), V group (only vascular side effects), and CV group (both cardiac and vascular side effects).
Utilizing 40 pulse wave parameters as analytical features, two classification methods were adopted in this study: (1) Machine Learning (ML) analysis, using pulse wave parameters as training indicators, and (2) Pulse Distribution Interval Analysis method developed independently by our laboratory. The results revealed significant variations in pulse wave characteristics post-vaccination, impacting both the BPW and PPG frequency domains. The AUC for the PDA analysis reached 0.76, significantly outperforming the ML method, showing superior results in scoring metrics. Furthermore, various factors didn't show notable interference effects on classification performance.
Current findings suggest that vaccines may induce vascular stiffness changes, leading to localized mismatches in vascular elasticity properties. The results of this study assist in rapidly detecting vascular characteristic changes related to cardiovascular side effects post-vaccination, offering a novel direction for wearable pulse wave measurement systems in monitoring cardiovascular side effects.

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