基於時鐘偏斜的裝置識別技術及其應用｜國立臺灣科技大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	黃鼎傑 Ding-Jie Huang
論文名稱：	基於時鐘偏斜的裝置識別技術及其應用 Clock Skew Based Device Identification and its Applications
指導教授：	鄧惟中 Wei-Chung Teng
口試委員:	林宗男 Tsungnan Lin 黃仁俊 Ren-Junn Hwang 項天瑞 Tien-Ruey Hsiang 金台齡 Tai-Lin Chin
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電資學院 - 資訊工程系 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	152
中文關鍵詞：	複製攻擊、時間同步、時鐘偏斜、無線感測網路、氾濫式時間同步協定、雲端運算
外文關鍵詞：	Replication Attack, Time Synchronization, Clock Skew, WSNs, FTSP, Cloud Computing
相關次數：	點閱：1564 下載：4
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隨著科技的發展和無線技術的應用,人與人之間的距離變得越來越近。但是,科技的進步也帶來了無可避免的資訊安全問題,例如,惡意的使用者可以藉由盜取受害者的帳號密碼並且取得受害者的權限,進而破壞整個系統或是藉此取得他人的資源。有鑑於此,本研究旨在利用時鐘偏斜 (clock skew) 的硬體特性,在不同的網路環境中,建立裝置識別系統 (device identification system),以確認在通訊的過程中,各裝置身分的正確性,更進一步保障系統的安全性。
本論文分為兩個部份深入探討如何運用時鐘偏斜設計裝置識別系統 (device identification system),並且提出可能的相關應用。第一部份專注在解決無線感測網路環境中,各感測節點的身分問題。無線感測網路因為其硬體上之限制,早期設計的協定都沒有考量到安全上的議題,導致惡意的感測節點可以輕易地變更自己的身分,並且對整個系統發起女巫攻擊 (Sybil attack)、複製攻擊 (replication attack) 等與身分相關的攻擊。本論文首先提出一個以時鐘偏斜為基礎的感測節點身分識別機制,並成功地偵測出女巫攻擊。其次,我們利用這個識別機制實作了一個時鐘偏斜過濾器 (skew filter),以濾掉惡意節點所發起的身分攻擊,並利用此技術來確保泛濫式時間同步協定 (Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol) 的安全性。最後,我們更深入研究如何防範惡意節點複製時鐘偏斜 (clock skew replication attack)。在這個研究中,我們實作了攻擊,也提出了一個可靠的演算法,成功地防禦了時鐘偏斜複製攻擊。
論文的第二個部份將時鐘偏斜裝置識別 (clock skew based device identification) 機制運用在雲端環境。我們利用 AJAX 技術,收集使用者的客戶端裝置 (client device) 上的時戳,並且計算該裝置和時戳採集伺服器之間的時鐘偏斜,用以識別裝置的身分。根據實驗的結果,我們開發的時鐘偏斜裝置識別系統,可以成功地識別使用者所使用裝置,而且偽陰性 (false negative) 的機率僅有 8%。此外,為了因應雲端運算所需的擴充性,我們設計了一個更具彈性的系統構架,可以確保時鐘偏斜裝置識別機制能在雲端的環境中,應付大量使用者的需求。

With the rapid growth of the technology, people nowadays can easily communicate with each other through wireless devices. However, new technology is also accompanied with new security issues. For instance, any malicious user may misuse these devices and launch serious attack to make illegal profit, such as identity stealing or password cracking on a bank account. To this end, we propose to build device identification system to ensure the security of communication procedure by utilizing clock skew.
We will address how to design clock skew device identification system (CSDI) in different networks, such as wireless sensor networks and cloud environments, and divide this dissertation into two parts. In the first part, as the node identification is one of the most important issues to wireless sensor network security, we develop a clock skew based node identification scheme in wireless sensor networks. The experiment results show that the proposed mechanism can successfully defend against Sybil attack. Besides, we also provide an application that can secure the flooding time synchronization protocol by implementing a clock skew filter. This skew filter can filter out the packets from the malicious nodes by using clock skew device identification mechanism. After discussing the basic concept of CSDI in wireless sensor networks, we further study on the issue that a malicious node attempts to generate fake clock skew by altering the timestamp in the sending packets, which is named clock skew replication attack. To resolve this issue, we propose an algorithm to significantly reduce the effect of the attack.
In the second part, we provide a lightweight yet reliable method for device identification, an application layer approach based on clock skew fingerprint. The developed experimental platform adopts AJAX technology to collect the timestamps of client devices in the cloud server during connection time, and then calculates the clock skews of client devices. The experiment results illustrate that the false positive rate and the false negative rate, in the worst case, are both no more than 8% when the tolerance threshold is set appropriately. To expand the device identification in the cloud environments, we provide a design of scalable system architecture. The results show that clock skew is a promising client device fingerprinting technique over cloud environments.

Recommendation Letter............... ................. i
Approval Letter ................... ................. ii
Abstract in Chinese .................................. iii
Abstract in English .................................. iv
Acknowledgements.................................. v
Contents........................................ vi
List of Figures..................................... x
List of Tables ..................................... xiii
List of Algorithms................................... xiv
Introduction.................................… 1
1 Introduction to Clock Skew......................... 1
2 Motivations and Research Goals ...................... 5
3 Thesis Contributions ............................ 5
Related Work ................................... 8
1 Clock Skew Based Device Identification (CSDI) in WSNs........ 8
2 Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Relative Clock Skews of Sensor Nodes by FTSP . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Syncing Process of FTSP...................... 11
2.3 Vulnerability of FTSP and Existing Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Secure Synchronization Protocol in WSNs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Device Identification in Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1 Device Identification Issues .................... 19
4.2 Device Identification Techniques ................. 20
4.3 Clock Skew based Attack and Defense Schemes . . . . . . . . . 20
Clock Skew Based Node Identification in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 22
1 Analysis to Empirical Data......................... 23
1.1 Exploring the Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol . . . . . . 23
1.2 Experimental Platform ....................... 23
1.3 Two Time Synchronization Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4 ID Classification .......................... 28
2 Applications................................. 30
2.1 Sybil Attack Detection....................... 30
2.2 Replication Attack Detection.................... 32
2.3 Other Possible Attacks and Countermeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Summary .................................. 34
Secured Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol with Moderator . . . . . . . . 35
1 Security Enhancement for FTSP ...................... 36
1.1 Reference Node Selection Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2 Synchronization Message Filters.................. 38
1.3 Root Selection Mechanism with Moderator . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.4 Discussion of Secured FTSP with Moderator . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Experimental Results ............................ 54
2.1 Experiment Scenario........................ 56
2.2 Experiment 1: Effect of Multiple Reference Nodes . . . . . . . . 56
2.3 Experiment 2: Incorrect Global Time Sent from a Malicious Node 57
2.4 Experiment 3: Fake seqNum Sent from a Malicious Node . . . . 58
2.5 Experiment 4: Node ID Replication Attack from a Malicious Node 59
2.6 Experiment 5: Defense against the Traitor Attack . . . . . . . . . 60
3 Summary .................................. 61
Defense Against Replication Attack via Clock Skew Device Identification . . . 63
1 Replication Attack with Duplicate of Clock Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.1 Replication Attack ......................... 64
1.2 Imitating the Clock Skews of Neighbor Nodes . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.3 Countermeasure Against Clock Skew Replication Attack . . . . . 74
2 Experiments and Performance Evaluation ................. 78
2.1 Preliminary Experiments...................... 79
2.2 Clock Skew Replication Attack Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.3 Defense Against Replication Attack Experiments . . . . . . . . . 86
3 Summary .................................. 89
Clock Skew Based Client Device Identification in Cloud Environments . . ... 91
1 Clock Skew Based Host Identification: Scenario and Preliminaries . ... 92
1.1 Scenario of Clock Skew Based Client Device Identification ... 92
1.2 Usage of Timestamps........................ 95
2 Clock Skew Estimation........................... 97
2.1 Linear Regression Algorithm.................... 97
2.2 Quick Piecewise Minimum Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3 Jump Point Detection and Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3 Experiments and Evaluation ........................106
3.1 Same Device under Different Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2 Skew Distribution of Different Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4 Summary ..................................109
Scalable Clock Skew Based Client Device Identification in Cloud Environments 111
1 Clock Skew Estimation........................…112
1.1 Skew Estimation Methods ..................... 112
1.2 Comparison of These Three Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.3 Characteristics of Clock Skews .................. 116
2 Design of Client Device Identification...................121
2.1 Scalable System Architecture ...................121
2.2 Authentication as a Service(AaaS) ................122
2.3 Evaluation of Multiple Clock Skew Measuring System . . . . . . 124
3 Summary ..................................127
Summary and Conclusion.............................128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Letter of Authority ..................................137

                                

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