近年來，波羅的海地區為歐洲快速發展的邊境市場之一。故本研究以立陶宛為主要研究標的，試以企業主之立場分析其內部人力資源市場的發展與概況，並進一步提出策略性人力資源管理的配套與建議。研究主要以Baron and Kreps的五因子模型作為探索方向，並以當地文獻及二手資料進行分析與解釋。

研究結果發現，當地人力資源市場尚屬成長中階段，勞動力品質高(高教育程度、女性工作力高、工作態度佳)但發展結構上有缺陷(市場狹小、人口外移率高、成本導向)，主要的發展束縛在於其文化背景(保守、官僚、風險趨避)。而政府在此一保守的社會環境中扮演了更為重要的角色，未來經濟政策的規劃與執行將強勢引導人力資源市場與產業競爭力的發展。研究最後也提出相關的人力資源管理策略及本篇之研究限制，供讀者及未來研究者更為完整之建議。

In recent years, the Baltic region is one of the fast-growing frontier markets in Europe. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and provide an overview of human resources market in Lithuania. Trying to stand in a business owner’s view and further propose some advice about human resources strategies. This study will use Baron and Kreps’s five factors model as main structure and use both secondary data and local literatures to analyze the situation.

The result reveals that local human resources market is still in development stage. There are three characteristics to display the local market: high qualified, narrow, and bureaucratic. Besides, the government plays a much more important role in this conservative social environment. Finally, this study recommended some strategies of HR functions in order to fit this local market.

一、中文部分
OFweek激光网. (n.d.). 立陶宛激光技术正积极谋求进入亚洲市场. Retrieved from http://laser.ofweek.com/2013-10/ART-240001-8500-28738607.html
吳建華, 謝發昱, 黃俊峰, & 陳銘凱. (2004). 個案研究. 教育研究的取徑: 概念與應用, 199-236.
汪莹. (2008). 产业竞争力理论研究述评. 江淮论坛, 2(3).
芮明杰. (2006). 产业竞争力的 “新钻石模型”. 社会科学, (4), 68-73.
潘慧玲. (2003). 社會科學研究典範的流變. 教育研究資訊, 11(1), 115-143.
张林, & 高安刚. (2013). 系统视角下的国家竞争力新模型研究. 人文地理, 28(4), 96-102.

二、英外文部分(含立陶宛語)
Baltrimienė, R. (2005). Cultural dimensions of Lithuania and its relative position in the context with other European countries. Tarptautinės mokslinės praktinės konferencijos pranešimų medžiaga. Karjeros konsultantas tarpkultūrinėje Europos erdvėje, 11-17.
Baron, J. N., & Kreps, D. M. (1999). Strategic human resources: Frameworks for general managers (Vol. 149). New York: John Wiley.
Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. Academy of management journal, 39(4), 779-801.
Boselie, P., & Paauwe, J. (2005). Human resource function competencies in European companies. Personnel Review, 34(5), 550-566.
Boxall, P., & Macky, K. (2009). Research and theory on high‐performance work systems: progressing the high‐involvement stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(1), 3-23.

Brasaitė, D., & Bakanauskienė, I. (2010). Personalo valdymo paslaugų analizė Lietuvoje. Organizacijų Vadyba: Sisteminiai Tyrimai, (56), 7-19.
Brewster, C. (1993). Developing a ‘European’model of human resource management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 765-784.
Brewster, C. (2004). European perspectives on human resource management.Human Resource Management Review, 14(4), 365-382.
Brockbank, W., Ulrich, D., & Beatty, R. W. (1999). HR professional development: Creating the future creators at the University of Michigan Business School. Human Resource Management, 38(2), 111-117.
Cappelli, P. (2008). Talent management for the twenty-first century. harvard business review, 86(3), 74.
Carraher, S. M. (2011). Turnover prediction using attitudes towards benefits, pay, and pay satisfaction among employees and entrepreneurs in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Management, 6(1), 25-52.
Chang Moon, H., Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (1998). A generalized double diamond approach to the global competitiveness of Korea and Singapore.International Business Review, 7(2), 135-150.
Cho, D. S. (1994). A dynamic approach to international competitiveness: The case of Korea. Asia pacific business review, 1(1), 17-36.
Cho, D. S., & Moon, H. C. (2005). National competitiveness: Implications for different groups and strategies.
Cho, D. S., Moon, H. C., & Kim, M. Y. (2009). Does one size fit all? A dual double diamond approach to country-specific advantages. Asian Business & Management, 8(1), 83-102.
Cho, E., & McLean, G. N. (2004). What we discovered about NHRD and what it means for HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 6(3), 382-393.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.

De Cieri, H., & Dowling, P. J. (1999). Strategic human resource management in multinational enterprises: theoretical and empirical developments. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 4(1999), 305-327.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). The discipline and practice of qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 1-28.
Dunning, J. H. (1993). Internationalizing Porter's diamond. MIR: Management International Review, 7-15.
European Regional Development Fund and European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. (n.d.). The Baltic Sea Region Programme 2014-2020 will be ready for approval in May. Retrieved from http://eu.baltic.net/The-Baltic-Sea-Region-Programme-2014-2020-will-be-ready-for-approval-in-May.29707.html
Florida, R. (2006). The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent. Liberal Education, 92(3), 22-29.
Fraser Institute . (2013). Economic Freedom of the World: 2013 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.freetheworld.com/datasets_efw.html
Galbraith, J. R. (1995). Designing organizations: An executive briefing on strategy, structure, and process. Jossey-Bass.
Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. (2005). National culture and human resource management: Assumptions and evidence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), 971-986.
Government of the Republic of Lithuania. (2010, Feb 17). Lithuanian Innovation Strategy for 2010-2020. Retrieved from http://www.ukmin.lt/en/strat_prog/ino_strat/LT_Innovation_Strategy_2010-2020.pdf
Habermas, I. (1971). Theory and Practice (Boston: Beacon, 1973). Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston: Beacon.
Harbison, F. H., & Myers, C. A. (1964). Education, manpower, and economic growth: Strategies of human resource development. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Hartnell, C. A., Ou, A. Y., & Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework's theoretical suppositions. Journal of Applied Psychology,96(4), 677.
Hiltrop, J. M. (1995). The changing psychological contract: the human resource challenge of the 1990s. European management journal, 13(3), 286-294.
Hiltrop, J. M., Despres, C., & Sparrow, P. (1995). The changing role of HR managers in Europe. European Management Journal, 13(1), 91-98.
Hofstede, G. (1985). The interaction between national and organizational value systems [1]. Journal of Management Studies, 22(4), 347-357.
Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage.
Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: software of the mind.
Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. M. Minkov (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Huettinger, M. (2008). Cultural dimensions in business life: Hofstede's indices for Latvia and Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Management, 3(3), 359-376.
Ilbo, T.C. (2005). Low birth rate marks decline in national strength. Korea Focus on Current Topics, 13(1), 36–38
Ilies, R., Wagner, D. T., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Explaining affective linkages in teams: individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1140.
INSEAD. (2013). The Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2013. French :Author
Institute for Management Development. (2013 ). IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2013. Switzerland: IMD
Izgorodin, A. (n.d.). Lithuanian labour market: situation and perspectives. Retrieved 2010,from htt://www.bslabour.net/images/stories/Labour_markets/lithuanian%20labour%20market_situation%20and%20perspectives.pdf
Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1990). Human resource planning: Challenges for industrial/organizational psychologists. American Psychologist, 45(2), 223.
Jucevičius, G. (2009). The Innovation Culture in Modern Lithuanian Organizations: Values, Attitudes and Practices. Social Sciences (1392-0758),63(1).
Kazlauskaite, R., & Buciuniene, I. (2010). HR function developments in Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Management, 5(2), 218-241.
Kenen, P. B. (1965). Nature, capital, and trade. Journal of political economy,73.
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Managing differentiation and integration. Organization and environment.
Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė The Official Website. (n.d.). About Lithuania History. Retrieved from http://lietuva.lt/en/about_lithuania/history
Lynham, S. A., & Cunningham, P. W. (2006). National human resource development in transitioning societies in the developing world: Concept and challenges. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 8(1), 116-135.
Lynham, S. A., & Cunningham, P. W. (2006). National human resource development in transitioning societies in the developing world: Concept and challenges. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 8(1), 116-135.
Marler, J. H. (2012). Strategic human resource management in context: A historical and global perspective. The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(2), 6-11.
Marshall, R. (1986, April 6). The role of apprenticeship in an internationalized information world. Paper presented at the Conference on Learning by Doing sponsored by the International Union of Operating Engineers, the U.S. Department of Labor, and Cornell University, Albany, NY.
Martin-Alcazar, F., Romero-Fernandez, P. M., & Sanchez-Gardey, G. (2005).
Strategic human resource management: integrating the universalistic, contingent, configurational and contextual perspectives. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), 633-659.
Mayrhofer, W., & Brewster, C. (2005). European human resource management: researching developments over time. Management Revue, 36-62.
McLean, G. N. (2004). National human resource development: what in the world is it?. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 6(3), 269-275.
Ministry of social security and labour. (2013). THE SOCIAL REPORT 2012–2013. Retrieved from http://www.socmin.lt/public/uploads/5924_socialreport2012-2013.pdf

Nasierowski, W., & Mikula, B. (1998). Culture dimensions of Polish managers: Hofstede's indices. Organization studies, 19(3), 495-509.
Nikandrou, I., Apospori, E., & Papalexandris, N. (2005). Changes in HRM in Europe: A longitudinal comparative study among 18 European countries.Journal of European Industrial Training, 29(7), 541-560.
OECD series Benefits and Wages . (n.d.). Benefits and Wages: Country specific information : Lithuania (2012). Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/LT.zip
Oh, H., Ryu, H. H., & Choi, M. (2013). How can we assess and evaluate the competitive advantage of a country’s human resource development system?.Asia Pacific Education Review, 14(2), 151-169.
Pfeffer, J. (1995). Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the work force. Harvard Business Press.
Pieper, R. (1992). Socialist HRM: an analysis of HRM theory and practice in the former socialist countries in Eastern Europe. The International Executive, 34(6), 499-516.
Pieper, R. (Ed.). (1990). Human resource management: An international comparison (Vol. 26). Walter de Gruyter.
Pirillo, L., Kuncaitis, R., & Zuzevicinte, V. (2005). European cooperation in enhancing recognition of non-formal learning results. TILTAI, 105-11.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Harvard business review.
Pudelko, M. (2005). Cross-national learning from best practice and the convergence-divergence debate in HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(11), 2045-2074.
Qualifications and Vocational Education and Training Development Centre . (2013). Vocational education and training in Lithuania.Short description (2013). Retrieved from http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/4128_en.pdf
Roffe, I. (1995). Transitional training for Lithuanian advisers and consultants.Journal of European Industrial Training, 19(11), 28-33.

Romm, N. R., & Hsu, C. Y. (2002). Reconsidering the exploration of power distance: an active case study approach. Omega, 30(6), 403-414.
Rugman, A. M., & D'cruz, J. R. (1993). The" double diamond" model of international competitiveness: The Canadian experience. MIR: Management International Review, 17-39.
Schuler, R. S., & Jackson, S. E. (1987). Linking competitive strategies with human resource management practices. The Academy of Management Executive, 1(3), 207-219.
Sparrow, P. R., & Hiltrop, J. M. (1997). Redefining the field of European human resource management: a battle between national mindsets and forces of business transition?. Human resource management, 36(2), 201-219.
Stake, R. (1998). Strategies of qualitative inquiry. Case studies.
State Progress Council of Lithuania. (2012, May 15). Lithuanian Progress Strategy 2030. Retrieved from http://lietuva2030.lt/images/stories/lithuania2030.pdf
Taljunaite, M. (2004). Mapping Women’s Campaign for Change: Lithuania’.unpublished report prepared for the European Commission during the EGG research project.
Tan, H. H., & Chee, D. (2005). Understanding Interpersonal Trust in a Confucian-influenced Society An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5(2), 197-212.
Tempel, A., & Walgenbach, P. (2007). Global Standardization of Organizational Forms and Management Practices? What New Institutionalism and the Business‐Systems Approach Can Learn from Each Other*. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 1-24.
Trade, P. t. (n.d.). Business culture in Lithuania. Retrieved from http://businessculture.org/eastern-europe/lithuania/
Ulrich, D. (2013). Human resource champions: The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Harvard Business Press.
Vaitekūnas, S. (2008). LIETUVOS ŽMOGIŠKIEJI IŠTEKLIAI: DABAR IR GALIMI ATEITIES VARIANTAI. Bridges/Tiltai, 44(3).
Whitley, R. (Ed.). (1994). European business systems: Firms and markets in their national contexts. Sage..
World Economic Forum. (2013). The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014. Switzerland: WEF
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.
Zuzeviciute, V., & Tereseviciene, M. (2010). The role of a human resource manager as a facilitator of learning: Some evidence from Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Management, 5(1), 68-81.